On October 26, the official website of the University of Science and Technology of China showed that a research team composed of Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo, and Peng Chengzhi from the Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences built a 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing The prototype “Zuchongzhi No. 2” has realized the superiority of quantum computing.
This achievement is the first time that China has reached the milestone of “superconducting quantum computing superiority” in the superconducting qubit system after the “nine chapters” of the optical quantum computing prototype, making China the present The only country that has reached this milestone in both physical systems at the same time. 
Zu Chongzhi No. 2 Quantum Processor Image
Related papers include “Strong Quantum Computational Advantage Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor” published in Physical Review Letters. (Performance) and the “Quantum Computational Advantage via 60-Qubit 24-Cycle Random Circuit Sampling” published in the “Science Bulletin” (achieving quantum computing superiority through 60-qubit 24-cycle random circuit sampling).
There are three steps in the development of quantum computing: the first is to achieve the superiority of quantum computing, which requires coherent manipulation of more than 50 qubits; the second is to make a practical quantum simulator, which requires Coherent manipulation of hundreds to thousands of qubits; finally, to make a general-purpose quantum computer, it is necessary to coherently manipulate millions of qubits.
“The superiority of quantum computing” is also called “quantum hegemony”, the first milestone in the development of quantum computing. Its meaning is that quantum computers can solve specific problems at an overwhelming speed than any classical computer, so that the classical computer cannot complete the task in a reasonable time.
This research uses quantum random circuit sampling as an index to measure the overall capabilities of quantum computers. The quantum random circuit sampling problem handled by “Zuchongzhi No. 2” is 7 orders of magnitude faster than the fastest supercomputer at present, and the computational complexity is higher than that of the 53-bit superconducting quantum computing prototype “Hanging Bell” publicly reported by Google.”Wood” has been improved by 6 orders of magnitude (“Platanus” deals with the “quantum random circuit sampling” problem by 2 orders of magnitude faster than classical supercomputing). 
The sampling fidelity of the quantum random circuit changes with the depth of the circuit and the time required for the fastest supercomputer “Fuyue” to complete the same task.
Superconducting qubits are internationally recognized as expected to achieve scalable quantum One of the physical systems of computing. Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo, and Peng Chengzhi have long aimed at the field of superconducting quantum computing. In May 2021, they built the 62-bit superconducting quantum computing prototype “Zuchongzhi” with the largest number of qubits in the world at that time. And realized the programmable two-dimensional quantum walk [Science 372, 948 (2021)].
The team adopted a brand-new flip-flop based on the “Zuchong” Welding 3D packaging technology solved the problem of large-scale bit integration, and successfully developed the “Zuchongzhi No. 2”, which achieved high-density integration of 66 data bits, 110 coupled bits, and 11 reads. The maximum state space dimension reached 1019. “Zuchong No. 2” adopts an adjustable coupling architecture, which realizes the fast and precise adjustment of the coupling strength between bits, and can realize high-fidelity single-qubit gate (average 99.86%) and double-qubit gate (99.41%) as well as readout (Average 95.48%), which significantly improves the fidelity of parallel quantum gate operations. Through quantum programming, researchers have achieved sampling of quantum random circuits, demonstrating the ability of “Zuchongzhi No. 2” to execute arbitrary quantum algorithms. .
According to the optimized classical algorithm that has been published so far, “Zuchongzhi No. 2” is 7 orders of magnitude faster than the current fastest supercomputer in processing the problem of quantum random circuit sampling. , The computational complexity is 6 orders of magnitude higher than that of Google’s “Plananus”.
The successful demonstration of the superiority of quantum computing marks the second stage of development of quantum computing research. Begin the exploration of quantum error correction and recent applications. “Zuchongzhi No. 2” adopts a two-dimensional grid bit arrangement chip architecture, which is directly compatible with surface code quantum error correction algorithms, laying the foundation for quantum error correction and the further realization of general quantum computing. , The parallel high-fidelity metric gate control capability and full programmability of “Zuchongzhi No. 2” are expected to find practical applications in specific fields, Expected applications include quantum machine learning, quantum chemistry, quantum approximation optimization, etc.
Link to the paper:
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett .127.180501
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2095927321006733