This article is from WeChat public account: Finance You-Tencent News (ID: caiyueni2016), this issue guest: Gong Ke, produced: Tencent News × Finance about you, the original title: “How does education do supply side reform? Gong Ke: China needs one or two hundred world-class universities | Financial interviews for your interview, title map: Visual China
In China, everyone has a consensus on the college entrance examination, that is, everyone is equal before the score. The college entrance examination and subsequent university education are one of the necessary channels for the vertical flow of the Chinese class.
On the one hand, this channel is still unblocked. On the other hand, it does not seem to fundamentally solve the problem of the growing social class. The reasons behind this include the lack of supply of quality education resources, and the imbalance of education caused by the gap between the rich and the poor and regional disparities.
How to ensure the fairness of the college entrance examination and the fairness of education is a difficult problem in today’s Chinese society.
“Come on you” todayGong Ke, a guest of Tian Dialogue, has served as Vice President of Tsinghua University, President of Tianjin University and Nankai University. He is a participant, reformer and observer of Chinese education. What has brought the Chinese college entrance examination to China for 42 years, and what are the pressing problems facing the college entrance examination and university education? What is the effective reform method, we listen to what he said.
One question: How does a bowl of water level up in the 42-year college entrance examination reform road?
Ma Teng:
You were the first college student after the college entrance examination in 1977. How did the college entrance examination change your destiny?
Gonke:
That changed too much. In the case of a planned economy, everything depends on distribution. If you want to be an artist, you may not be an artist. If you want to be an engineer, you may assign you to become an artist. You have to paint. Therefore, the word used to resume the college entrance examination is called “recovery”, which is to let the society respect knowledge and advocate science.
Ma Teng:
How do you see the role of the resumption of the college entrance examination for Chinese education and China’s own development?
Gonke:
It makes the whole society respect knowledge and focus on learning. This is actually an excellent tradition of the Chinese nation. The question now is, what should we study when we maintain such a system? How to test? How to give points? Let the students liberate themselves from the rote memorization, let him in the process of the comprehensive development of morality, intelligence, art and labor, can find out the problems, ask questions, be more good at cooperating with others, and become people with emotional intelligence. Such a person can be tested, but it is not a simple test, but a question of how to test and test.
Ma Teng:
Independent enrollment is one of the contents of the college entrance examination reform, and it attaches great importance to the quality of learning. But we see that education in this area is lacking in poor areas or underdeveloped areas. Will self-enrollment increase the unfairness of this kind of education and cause the unfairness of the college entrance examination?
Gonke:
Many people have this concern. The proportion of poor families from independent enrollment is relatively low. This is a fact. But this is not the whole thing. When we implemented our own enrollment, we implemented a plan for enrollment in poor areas that is much larger than the scope of self-enrollment.
If you look at China’s higher education in a panoramic view, even if we still have unsatisfactory conditions today, it is not self-enrollment that is exacerbating this situation. There is no data to prove this now.
Reviewing, why do you want to engage in independent enrollment? I understand that self-enrollment is an attempt to reform the college entrance examination. The score is fair, but in the case of fair scores, it has resulted in a very strong exam-oriented education. The ability of students to independently innovate and start a business is not strong, so independent enrollment is tried in a small scope, and its purpose is It is not a solution to the (the problem of scarce educational resources) in poor areas. Its purpose is to enable outstanding and promising students to stand out and make some excellent It is the first purpose of education that students can obtain quality educational resources and better growth. This is an approach that does not violate overall fairness.
So I insisted on trying, and I solved any problems when I encountered any problems. I can’t catch a cold and everyone has an injection.
Narrator: People like Qian Zhongshu, his science is not ideal, but the liberal arts are particularly good. If we are equal before the score, he may not be able to go to Tsinghua. This type of student I feel that I want to enter the college system through the college entrance examination reform. On the other hand, with the development of society, the distribution of educational resources is unfair.It is also intensifying. For example, children from poor families enjoy less educational resources. If we blindly emphasize the equality of all people in front of the scores, we will ignore the opportunities for the growth and development of this part of the children, which will lead to social injustice.
Ma Teng:
There is a saying in colleges and universities that the proportion of children in the cold is getting lower and lower. How do we balance the fairness of the college entrance examination with the uniform distribution of educational resources?
Gonke:
In the case of highly competitive scores, in addition to the students’ own efforts, the educational environment and the educational resources they receive are of great quality, which plays a big role.
When the score is used as a unified indicator for evaluation, the younger brother is at a disadvantage. This is why we have taken two measures.
One measure is called balanced development of basic education, and we hope that this balanced development is a balanced development with quality.
Another measure is to adopt a special enrollment policy in areas where education is underdeveloped. For example, Nankai University adopts a policy of lowering admissions in 800 poverty-stricken counties across the country, so that their children have Opportunities break the intergenerational transmission of poverty.
Ma Teng:
Is there any tracking of this part of the children, after they arrive in Nankai, can they keep up with other students?
Gonke:
We have followed. The overall result is the first they have difficulty because they came in under a clear score gap. Second, they have potential. They don’t want to learn, they don’t want to learn, they don’t learn, but they don’t get good guidance.
The third sentence, I think they not only need to give some discounts during the admission stage, but also need some help after going to school. So we are also running some courses to help them better tutoring through these courses.
Peking University re-records Henan retreat candidates, causing the public to pay attention to the fairness of the college entrance examination
Ma Teng:
A few days ago, the Henan poor students’ college entrance examination volunteers reported to Peking University, and the incident of being relegated three times by Peking University caused a lot of discussion. There are two disputes in this case. On the one hand, you should really give poor students some educational inclinations. On the other hand, some people are questioning whether you have guaranteed the fairness of the college entrance examination. As a principal, how do you come to see this case?
Gonke:
I don’t know the specifics of this matter. The situation I saw was like this. Peking University is implementing a special enrollment plan in poverty-stricken areas. For example, the quota for this program is N. When a N-2 is recruited, a score cliff suddenly appears. The N-3 person may be 600. More points, the following fell to more than 500 points, more than 400 points. We call it the registration cliff.
From the school perspective, if you do not recruit these two students, you can maintain a relatively high enrollment level, but the fairness of the college entrance examination is not only simply queuing according to the score, but also the transparency of the rules. If you haven’t said that you must be higher than 600 points, there is no reason not to accept the two children.
I think the final admission to Peking University is correct because we have to keep the rules of transparency. In the priority of volunteering, its transparency is fair. However, some people do not agree with such fairness, because if more than 500 candidates are admitted, there may be 700 candidates who cannot record here. However, in terms of breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty, it is fair, so it is necessary to make this fair clear and to be transparent to all.
Ma Teng:
The two Henan candidates, after they entered Peking University, have some pressure on both learning and psychological, because after all, they have experienced such a paradox. Do you have any suggestions for them?
Gonke:
I think they have to work hard to be confident, maybe their starting point is relatively backward, but to insist that life is a long-distance running. Today, many outstanding people are not all graduates from prestigious schools. Even if they graduate from a prestigious school, they may not be the first and second place graduates in a prestigious school. Therefore, we must know that life is a long-distance run, and it is old to learn, like us. Like Premier Zhou, he worked hard until the last moment of his life.
Narrator:The issue of educational equity is a must for a university president. However, this problem cannot be solved by the power of the university president. It requires the social ups and downs, the power of the government, the power of the people, and the problems solved together. I think this issue is also a long-term problem.
Second question: Do you want to go to the wooden bridge and teach you how to do supply-side reform?
How quality education resources should be distributed
Ma Teng:
In our country, there is actually a huge gap between the supply and demand for quality education resources.
Gonke:
The gap is too big.
Ma Teng:
For example, there are nearly 10 million college entrance examination candidates every year, but the enrollment students of 112 key universities are only about 500,000, which has caused the phenomenon of “a thousand military horses crossing the wooden bridge”. What do you think of this phenomenon? Is there a possibility of breaking?
Gonke:
I believe that one day I will solve this problem. On the one hand, the admission of the college entrance examinationThe rate has greatly expanded, and it is close to 70%, which was unattainable when we went to college in 1977. However, we can also see that although there are about 7 million candidates admitted to 10 million candidates, the quality of education for 7 million students has not met the expectations of candidates and parents. The fundamental solution to the problem is that China needs one or two hundred outstanding universities, not only in China’s outstanding universities, but also in the world as excellent universities.
Ma Teng:
How can it be done?
Gonke:
We concentrate on supporting a small number of schools to build world-class universities. This is necessary, but gradually it is necessary for these schools with certain strength to obtain more resources from the society and reduce their dependence on the state’s finances. Now the country has also taken measures. Your fund can carry out a 1:1 package under a certain percentage, and get a donation from the society, representing the recognition and support of the society, so the country also gives You are funded by a dollar to help develop these foundations. We hope that in the middle of this century, China will be an education power and will enable most Chinese young students to enjoy quality higher education.
Diversified attempts at public universities
Ma Teng:
In public universities, there are actually many diversified attempts, such as Su Shimin College of Tsinghua University and Yanjing School of Peking University. Can you tell us about the exploration of these new models?
Gonke:
I have contacted both colleges. In the past, there were nearly a thousand disciplines in the university. We put the students in a small lattice to cultivate, and Su Shimin College and Yanjing Academy gave him the teaching of the best teachers in the world with stronger financial support. . This point is currently not available in the national higher education system, even in Tsinghua University. Some of these attempts are really worthwhile because the current reforms are largely limited by ideas. We don’t have the money to do this, but our concept is that it is good now and cannot be changed. Therefore, I think this change is conducive to the reform of Peking University Tsinghua Education.
Do you have a so-called high or low score in vocational education and higher education?
Ma Teng:
Now, in addition to the college entrance examination, high school graduates have a lot of choices, such as vocational schools, the Lanxiang Technical School we often talk about, how do you see a supplement to higher education in vocational schools?
Gonke:
In China, we must break a concept. We regard the type as a level. This is not right. I am the most disapproving of saying that I can go to vocational colleges without taking colleges and universities. Different types have different types of requirements and different types of champions.
The best chef can do it after graduating from college? Can’t do it. The best reward system in my mind is Oscar, not only to reward the best heroine, but also supporting role, recording. Everyone is the best, this is our movie today, if the Oscar only awards a male lead, a heroine, our movie career will be finished. Our current reward system is to reward only the best one, the one who is already a star, and who is already very dazzling.
The social status of the university president should not be measured by administrative level
Ma Teng:
You have served as Vice President of Tsinghua University, President of Tianjin University and President of Nankai University. How do you locate the university president? University presidents now generally have administrative levels and are all deputy ministerial level.
Gonke:
I think that is a big misunderstanding.
Video | Principal Nankai: Don’t call me deputy minister, I am an educator
Ma Teng:
Why?
Gonke:
What we saw when we saw the executive level was a social status. I don’t think that the president of the university does not match the social status of the vice-ministerial level, but the social status of the university president should not be measured by the administrative level.
Ma Teng:
What should be used to measure?
Gonke:
The headmaster of an excellent university should have a higher social status. Our academic culture is originally to respect the outstanding achievements of academics, and does not care whether he is a full professor or an associate professor. So I am very disapproved of this, I suggest canceling it. I am not saying that we want to lower the social status of the school. Instead, we should use a new evaluation system to evaluate the school with the contribution of schools, graduates and alumni to the society. We will influence the gathering of outstanding teachers with academic achievements and excellent teaching paradigms. This school. I very much hope to form such a situation.
Three questions: The road to growth is long. Besides the knowledge, what should the university teach?
public and private values disputes
Ma Teng:
Mr. Zhang Bojun proposed to “allow fairness and change with each passing day”. This is the school motto of Nankai University and has always been respected by Nankai people. There is a saying that today’s college students, especially graduates of famous schools, have become sophisticated self-interests. How do you see this phenomenon?
Gonke:
First, we can’t deny this phenomenon. The second most college students are not refined individualists, although they do. These behaviors are from the impetuousness of the entire education sector, the impetuousness of the scientific and technological community; from the current irrationality of the science and technology and education evaluation system; from our current practice of many quick successes, now that our hats are flying all over, everyone is pursuing these hats.
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Ma Teng:
In fact, you can’t just blame the kids, right?
Gonke:
You can’t blame them. On the one hand, we must let everyone establish some public minds and link the development of the individual with the sustainable development of the country, the nation, the human race, and the whole earth, and realize the value of personal life. We are trying to do this kind of education and require teachers to have public minds. The teacher just thinks about his own interests. This is not acceptable. He will inevitably affect the students. This is to do education.
Mr. Zhang has set a very important example for us. When he started Nankai, he did not pursue those false names. He pursued our students. Is it a useful person for the country? When he graduated, he said that today is the last time I gave you a speech, so I must talk about the most important thing. I will do things for you all the time. It’s useful, and it’s very easy to understand. Let’s listen to it. What is it? Honest “honesty”, honesty only one word. He asked us to open the students in Nankai to keep their sincerity, not to play power, not to be clever.
Ma Teng:
In fact, it is a kind of guardian.
Gonke:
Be a guardian, you happen to be clever, you are good at it, and one day you will suffer for this. Therefore, he must be a person in good faith, and sincerity is the source of all morality. He said that public is the highest morality that you have to pursue. He asked the students to be such people, and did not care how many awards you got, how many auras you personally set.
What is a first-class student – a body, a worldly
Ma Teng:
Nankai University is a national first-class university. A very important factor in first-rate universities is that graduates must have first-class achievements. Being an academician to be a rich man can be a first-class act in a sense. How do you see it?What is first class?
Gonke:
At least I think it is a contribution made in his position. Let me give you an example. When we celebrated, we had a 30-year alumni gathering. There was an excellent alumni representative to represent this student. I would like to say a few words to all the students. Every student is looking for their best person. . I am most impressed by 2015 or 2016, that is, 85 or 86 years of graduation. The alumni selected a physics teacher who taught physics in high school for 30 years after graduation.
Ma Teng:
It’s so admirable.
Gonke:
Shows respect for him. We often say that there are two prime ministers in the South. We are very proud, but we are not saying that we have to be so good. We respect the diligence, the continuous efforts in the long-distance running of his life, and the people who finally contribute.
Ma Teng:
Mr. Huang Yusheng from Nankai University, who once proposed to come to the university is to pursue a beautiful life. What do you think is a good life?
Gonke:
The so-called good health should be a happy life. But what do we use to measure happiness? Happiness is not an objective measure, not how much money you earned to be happy. How about family income per capita? How many houses per person are called happiness? Happiness is actually a subjective feeling. What do I think is the value of your life pursuit? Can you do your best in your environment, and you can maximize the value you want to pursue.
Ma Teng:
Mr. Huang said that another meaning of the university is to make a living. This makes it easy for us to think of Mr. Zhou Enlai, the most outstanding alumnus of Nankai, studying for the rise of China. Mr. Shu Shi and Mr. Zhou Enlai said that they are studying for the rise of China. Do you think there is any practical significance in the new era?
Gonke:
A very important point of view, from a personal point of view. What is the value of life? We remember Zhou Enlai, under such difficult conditions, under such difficult circumstances in the early days of the founding of the country, under special political conditions, safeguarding our country, supporting the development of our country, and even maintaining the country during the Cultural Revolution.