This article is from the public number: The Academy of Science (ID: kexuedayuan) , author: Zhang is the water, from the title figure: the movie” Iron Man “
Avengers: Endgame is released in 2019, writing the final chapters of 22 Marvel movies. But until the end of the video,Answer a question: Where is Iron Man floating alone in outer space in the opening film? Let’s open a brain hole in the settings of the video ~
A 48-hour voyage, the spacecraft in which Iron Man was flying flew out of the galaxy
A shot in the film: A bright spiral galaxy outside the ship’s porthole with a clear spiral arm structure and a significant star-forming area provides us with clues to find Iron Man.
First, such a large galaxy cannot be seen inside the Milky Way. According to the angle of sight of the porthole, the apparent diameter of this galaxy is (The apparent diameter is the apparent size, which is the angle of view of the object seen by the naked eye. The unit is degree , Minutes, seconds. In astronomy, the distance between stars can be calculated by the apparent diameter and the actual diameter of the stars) is at least greater than 60 degrees, while the Large Magellanic Cloud with the largest apparent diameter around the Milky Way is only 6 degrees.
Second, the galaxy itself is not the Milky Way. The spiral arm structure of this galaxy is different from the more compact spiral arms of the Milky Way.
Finally, there is no visible star between the galaxy and the spacecraft in such a large field of view, indicating that the spacecraft will not be inside the galaxy disk.
Figure 1 The spiral galaxy seen from the porthole of the spacecraft (Image source: Complex 4 movie)
In fact, this spiral galaxy should be the closest galaxy to them. In the movie, Iron Man said: “Thousands of light years away from the nearest convenience store”, he meant the galaxy disk from this galaxy. (StarA disc is a component of a disk-like galaxy, such as a spiral galaxy or a lens galaxy. The galaxy disk usually contains most of the stars of the galaxy and the cold gas containing dust. Stars are thousands of light years old.
Because the radius of a normal galaxy is between thousands of light years and hundreds of thousands of light years, according to the angle of sight of the porthole, it is reasonable that the spacecraft is thousands of light years from the galaxy disk. The distance from a galaxy to other galaxies is basically calculated from millions of light years. For example, the large galaxy M31, which is very close to our Milky Way galaxy, is 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way. Therefore, it is very unlikely that there are closer galaxies next to the spacecraft.
A 48-hour flight, Iron Man ’s spacecraft flew out of the galaxy and arrived near another galaxy, which was far enough. But unfortunately, if the navigation is broken, there is a slight difference, which is… 10 million light-years, and eventually loses momentum and can only drift in the silent deep space.
Which galaxy is Iron Man in?
Iron Man in the film. They were finally rescued by Captain Marvel. According to the BB machine that the surprise team sent to Director Fry, the signal range covers several galaxies. It can be guessed that the range of the surprise team’s activity is mainly in the local galaxy group. Occasionally to the nearby galaxy group and galaxy cluster, and Did not run deep into the universe. Galaxy clusters and galaxy clusters are systems that are clustered together by gravity; if there are more than fifty galaxies as bright as the Milky Way, they are called galaxy clusters, otherwise they are galaxy clusters. The local galaxy group is a cluster of more than 50 galaxies, including the Milky Way, and the surprise team has a greater chance (> 10%) to receive the signal from the director.
Figure 2 The galaxy group and galaxy clusters contained in the Laniakea super galaxy cluster. Local Group package marked in orangeIncluding our Milky Way. The blue box contains the local galaxy group, the Sagittarius group, the Centaurus / M83 group; the galaxy M83 is in the third group. (Image source: Wikipedia)
Of course, the panic team can expand the search in emergency rescue, Lania Kea (Laniakea, Hawaiian: Unpredictable Heaven) This super galaxy cluster seems to be a matching area. The Rania Keaben galaxy cluster is a larger system that includes our Milky Way. The scale of the Laniakea super galaxy cluster is about 500 million light-years (160 Mpc) , which contains 13 Abell clusters and numerous galaxy groups. The distribution of these galaxy groups / clusters can be seen in Figure 2, with each point representing a galaxy. By measuring the velocity field distribution of the galaxies and discovering their tendency to gather in the middle, scientists finally realized that such a super galaxy cluster structure (Figure 3) . Super galaxy clusters are similar to local voids (almost empty space next to the local galaxy group, about 200 million light years in size) Nothingness.
Figure 3 The lines in the figure represent the velocity field; the blue dot in the center is the Milky Way, and the orange circle is the Lanikaa super galaxy cluster; green indicates the material aggregation , Blue indicates sparse material. (Image source: Tully, R.B., et al., 2014, Nature, 513, 71)
Limiting the scope to the Lanikaa super galaxy cluster, based on known conditions from millions of galaxies: size, shapeThe star formation rate can be further reduced to about thousands of galaxies, and it is still difficult to accurately find the location of the spacecraft. Fortunately, this galaxy is quite special. First of all, it is a spiral galaxy, the spiral arms are relatively clear, and the center of the galaxy is in a bright place on the upper right porthole. Secondly, the blue bright spots on the spiral arms are dense, indicating that there is a significant star formation; especially in the spiral arm portion of the starboard porthole.
According to the above information, we found the spiral galaxies in the local galaxy from near to far first. According to the number of spiral arms of the galaxy, tightness, dispersion, and star formation, the only Milky Way, Andromeda galaxy, All triangles are excluded; the Maffei galaxy, M81 galaxy, and Jade galaxy are not found; fortunately, in the following Centaurus / M83 galaxy group, (the area marked by the blue box in Figure 2) When we searched, we seemed to find this galaxy at a glance- South Windmill Galaxy, M83! (It can be seen in the southern sky in spring and is one of the few galaxies that can be observed with binoculars. It is on par with the northern sky M101 windmill galaxy.)
As shown in Figure 4, the red structure on the spiral arm of M83 is the area where the star was born. The hydrogen is excited by the radiation of the newly born star to emit red light. The blue structure is a star cluster composed of young, massive stars. The dust band is clearly visible, extending all the way to the center of the galaxy. M83 is about 15 million light-years from Earth, which is also consistent with our estimation of the normal range of the surprise team.
Figure 4 The complete image of M83 is a combination of observations from Japan’s Subaru telescope, the European Southern Observatory’s wide-field imager, and the Hubble telescope. (Image source: NAOJ, HST, and ESO, production copyright: Robert Gendler)
For easier comparison, we have slightly stretched the image of M83 and put it on the porthole image of the spacecraft. As shown in the schematic diagram of Figure 5, the galaxy center and spiral arm of the upper right porthole and the star of the lower right porthole Forming the area, the spiral arm of the porthole on the left has a very good match with the galaxy seen in Figure 1.
From the earth’s perspective, M83 is almost facing us, but the connection between Iron Man’s spacecraft and the center of the galaxy seems to have a certain angle with the galaxy disk, about 45 degrees. If the tilt angle can be adjusted correctly, and the optical band visible to the naked eye is used, the matching degree can be higher. Therefore, Iron Man has a great possibility to be next to M83.
Figure 5: Replace the galaxy outside the porthole in Figure 1 with M83 (Image source: compound 4 movie)
“Super wind” is too dangerous, save Iron Man quickly!
M83 is a known starburst galaxy. A starburst galaxy is an eruption area with huge star formations in the galaxy. It is characterized by significantly higher infrared luminosity than optical luminosity. Ordinary galaxies, such as the Milky Way, also form stars, but they form slowly. In starburst galaxies, star formation is very dramatic.
We can illustrate with another starburst galaxy M82. Its nickname is the cigar galaxy, which looks like a cigar optically. This is because its galaxy disk is facing us sideways, which is different from M83 facing us. However, when we observe through infrared and X-rays, we see a two-way jet located in the center of the galaxy and perpendicular to the galaxy disk. This “super wind” is a storm set by young stars that blows out for tens of thousands of light years, which is comparable to the scale of the galaxy itself.
Figure 6 (left) Optical image of the cigar galaxy M82. Image source: P. Challis (CfA), 1.2-m Telescope, Whipple Observatory. (Right) Multi-band synthetic image of M82, where red, green, and blue colors represent radiation from infrared, optical, and X-rays, respectively. (Image source: X-rays from NASA / CXC / JHU / D. Strickland; optics from NASA / ESA / STScl / AURA / The Hubble Heritage Team; infrared from NASA / JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of AZ / C. Engelbracht.)
The young star at the center of M82 blows out a large number of stellar winds, and the supernova burst provides enough energy to give these stellar winds at a speed of more than 1,000 kilometers per second, eventually mixing into a “super wind” storm. The thermal plasma in the “Super Wind”, even when expanded to a distance of tens of thousands of light years, still maintains a high temperature of about 6 million degrees, which can be seen from the X-ray radiation shown in blue in Figure 6.
The “Super Wind” also comes out of the galaxy with a lot of cold gas, which can be seen from the infrared radiation displayed in the red area. The interaction of hot plasma and cold gas also generates corresponding X-ray radiation. Structures like “super wind” will also transport cosmic ray particles in the center of the galaxy to a larger scale.
The position and angle of the Iron Man spacecraft will just be seriously affected by the “super wind” of the M83. Whether it is a plasma outflow of more than 1,000 kilometers per second, or the ultra-high energy cosmic rays carried in it, it seems that they will put them in a dangerous situation!
Now that we have found Iron Man, Captain Marvel quickly rescue them!
Figure 7 The radiant Captain of the Amazing lifted the spaceship back to the earth (Image source: Compound 4 movie)
This article is from the public account: Scientific compound (ID: kexuedayuan) , Author: Zhang water is the (Author: Zijinshan Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences)