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In 1911, Wu Liande’s laboratory in Harbin

What I want to talk about today is that after Dr. Wu Liande founded China’s earliest epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic system, the Xinyi Revolution broke out in Wuchang in less than half a year. It was another four months when the Republic of China was founded and the North and the South negotiated peace. In the first year of the Republic of China, the first republic in Asia, how was the plague situation?

The source of today ’s story comes from the “Report” in 1912.

Hankou: Neither the old nor the new Dragon Boat Festival is allowed, and it’s okay

Wuhan is the land of the First Righteousness. After the Revolutionary Army occupied the three towns of Wuhan, the Qing government sent a new Beiyang Army with Yin Chang as the commander of the army, and Feng Guozhen actually commanded to conquer Wuhan. The two armies fought in HankouIn the field of defense, the Revolutionary Army eventually retreated to Wuchang, and Huang Xing’s rapid assistance could not reverse the situation. The next was Yuan Shikai’s secret cease-fire, and the two armies began a North-South negotiation and a 47-day confrontation.

In 1911, the Qing Army navy cruiser fired a new fire to suppress the uprising and caused a fire. The picture shows a fire in a warehouse behind the Russian consulate.

The armistice, peace, and the Republic of China, but Hankou was beaten into a mess. After February, the restoration of Hankou’s urban construction is imminent. But what was the situation in Hankou at the time?

First, there are more than 100,000 soldiers and policemen inside and outside the three towns of Wuhan. The military government borrowed a million silver dollars from Belgium in order to send them a hairpin, so the market was fairly calm. It ’s just that the military and police have money to spend, and Hankou ’s most developed industry at that time was prostitution;

Second, the Hankou Chamber of Commerce supported government forces during the war. After the Republic of China, most of the top figures were replaced. Most of them were newcomers from Wuchang, and they basically did not understand business. Therefore, Hankou’s business has been unable to recover, and various problems have occurred in the transportation of materials. The construction office is crowded every day, but I do n’t know when it will start. More than 10,000 artisans are recruited from outside to support the reconstruction of Hankou. They are waiting and waiting;

Third, the private houses outside the Hankou Concession were basically burned down during the war, so more than 10,000 tents and shacks built outside the Concession. Refugees scramble for the site during the day, and theft and robbery in groups at night are left unattended. At this time, it was April in the Gregorian calendar. Seeing the weather, it was about to heat up.

People don’t want to suffer from the plague, and their response is to pass the Dragon Boat Festival. Because before the first day of the first month, it was severely banned by the military government of Wuchang. It is said that the new dynasty used the new calendar, and that the Dragon Boat Festival was also changed to the solar calendar on May 5. Anyway, the purpose is the same, “receive pestilence and take poison, and preemptive epidemic.” So I used paper to tie a dragon boat and organized a welcome meeting. This holiday season also spread to all sectors of the military and government. Civil servants discussed privately, hoping that they could take a day off on May 5.Hope to give wine and meat as usual.

Li Yuanhong was very unhappy when he heard about this. He issued a general order saying that “festival” was originally a bad practice in our country. Now the Republic of China is initiating and is about to improve the society and eliminate old habits. .

I did n’t ask for God ’s protection during the Dragon Boat Festival. Fortunately, in the summer, there were no plagues in the three towns of Wuhan, including Hankou in Daxing. Throughout 1912, the only fright came from the passenger ship Jiang Xinlun. This Yangtze River ship came from Shanghai. The third pilot died in Jiujiang on August 22-he was infected with what was now popular in Shanghai in August. It ’s cholera. Jiang Xinlun arrived in Hankou Port three days later and was immediately detained and quarantined. He was released after half a day of disinfection.

The Hankou Defence War lasted for more than 40 days, giving the Qing Army a heavy blow and earning time for the provinces to respond to the Wuchang Uprising. In the more than 40 days of fighting, it also caused a lot of casualties. This photo is just an image of a post-war Red Cross hospital. There are basically injured people on each bed, Red Cross staff, standing in the middle, with a sign on their arms, and are managing.

Manila: Can’t stand the tyranny of the United States

Before Shanghai in August, the first outbreaks occurred in Tianjin and Beijing in June.

On June 8th, the “Report” quoted Reuters as saying: “The Changxin (transliteration) ship sailing from Hong Kong to Tianjin had three passengers, who had contracted the epidemic, and were detained by the inspection station as soon as they reached Yantai. It has been tested for pneumonia infection, and the Tianjin Concession is now preparing to prevent it. “

We do n’t know whether there was an epidemic in the Beijing-Tianjin area before the three Hong Kong visitors violently died on board. This possibility is very high, because just four days later, Reuters reported that “Beijing Central has recently The epidemic is quite prosperous, “headed by Peking University, which has just been renamed from the Jingshi University Hall, all schools in Beijing have proposed a” pre-summer vacation “in advance.To prevent large-scale infections.

At the same time as the Beijing epidemic, it was a little news thousands of miles away. The Little Luzon (Manila) Overseas Chinese Organization and the Guangdong Chamber of Commerce respectively called the Shanghai Overseas Chinese Federation and the Guangdong Military Government, hoping that they would negotiate with the US government (the capital of the United States Philippines in Manila) and change the quarantine system for Chinese in Manila.

The contents of the two messages are the same, claiming that the United States has formulated “harsh regulations” for quarantine. All Chinese who are new to the Philippines, regardless of business men and women, are quarantined for a few days, and then pierce the anus with a needle. Contracted the disease. The Overseas Chinese and the Chamber of Commerce consider the United States to do “disgrace to the country” as an act of insult to China, and therefore hope that the government will come forward to negotiate and cancel this routine inspection. In a message from the Overseas Chinese Federation, an alternative solution was also proposed: men drink laxatives to defecate, women … whatever the women do, it is too shame to ask them to provide their own stool.

Governor of the People’s Republic of China, Hu Hanmin, posted this message to the public, and @ inferiority. It is unknown how the subsequent negotiations will take place.

Shanghai: listed as an epidemic area by Japan

At the end of August, the summer heat is still boring. The report on August 28, entitled “The epidemic prevails in the concession,” pointed out that the plague (that is, the tiger column, cholera mentioned above) mainly occurred in the public concession, Chinese and foreigners, and many dead. There are no specific data, but we know that the situation is quite grim, because more than a dozen people have been killed by police inspectors in the patrol houses in the concession. On August 26, a “Sandaotou” (senior police officer in Sandaoban) in the general patrol room also developed cholera and was taken to the Ministry of Industry and Hospital. In addition, dozens of people have come to Shanghai from all over the world and died of the infection.

On the same day of the “Declaration” on the same day, a time commentary was also added, which said “Small vegetable field outside Ximen is south”, the doors of each house were full of paper ingots, and the sound of snoring and gongs was loud, In other words, every family is doing funerals. The reporter came to Zhabei again, and saw garbage piled up in all the lanes, and it was not classified as wet or dry, and foul. The reporter said with emotion: “Recently an epidemic has been found in the concession, but it has not been cleaned yet. If so, whispering superstitions, not talking about health, is it a new citizen?”

Zhabei is exactly the outbreak point of cholera that was later called “there are as many germs in water as the crown of the world”.

The two places mentioned in the review are outside the concession. Judging from this comment, the outbreak in the Shanghai Concession was much more severe than that in China. Was the cholera virus like Tianjin brought by sailors from Southeast Asia? In combination with the aforementioned US Philippines, quarantine measures have been strengthened, and this possibility cannot be ruled out.

The cholera of Shanghai in 1912, I saw very little material, far less than 1919, 1926, and the “most tragic” cholera of 1938. However, the number of cholera outbreaks recorded in 1938 was 11,365 and the number of deaths was 2,246. In 1912, it was simply said “thousands of dead people”. It’s hard to say who is more serious. However, the two years have one thing in common: because of the war and floods, a large number of refugees invaded, resulting in the large-scale spread of cholera and cross infection.

On August 29th, Japan listed Shanghai as a “port with tiger rickets,” and all ships sailing from Shanghai to Japan must be quarantined and disinfected at the port. To this end, the Ministry of Internal Affairs specially called Jiangsu Decheng Cheng Dequan and asked Shanghai to strengthen management and fight the epidemic.

On August 31, the “Publication” published the news of the plague of the Ministry of Industry and Health’s “Desperately Demanded, Not Extinct”, and commented on “Warning Residents (don’t be regarded as old monks)” when publishing:

The epidemic is a calamity. It is more intense than the military leather water fire thief beast. Its potential is long and dark, and out of my reach, it has spread beyond control. The discovery of the concession today has dozens of people affected. People, if they try to extinguish it, the lives of the residents are in danger!

Although the responsibility for fighting is not in the Ministry of Industry and Bureau. Defend the ears on the residents themselves. The pollution must be cleaned up, the diet must be clean, and the cold and warm must be controlled. All kinds of defense procedures must be prepared. Afterwards, the vector of epidemic infection can be removed, and the seeds can be eliminated. Otherwise, it is only a matter of dying. What is so special about people?

This time review is equivalent to a “Guidelines for Epidemic Prevention”. The methods of epidemic prevention recommended to the public: sweeping garbage, cleaning food, working on time, and paying attention to various defense procedures such as keeping warm, are not out of date.

The hardest hit area of ​​Shanghai cholera is in the area of ​​”Ximenwai Zhouyi and Taipingqiao” (if you don’t know where this is, I will say three more words “Xintiandi”). This is where the Jiangbei refugees gather. After the spread of cholera,There are many children dying. Every day, more than a dozen people are undressed and left on the side of the road. Fortunately, there is a person who collects the paper (old Chinese “respects the paper”. Any paper that has the text is picked up and sent to the incinerator and cannot be disposed of with the garbage), and is responsible for carrying the children’s bodies to the city every day and giving them to charity group. For each child’s corpse, the charity gave him two cents to buy about three pounds of brown rice.

On September 22, Shanghai received a letter from Japan, admitting that Shanghai was a “pest free port”.

Baxian Bridge in the French Concession in 1904 and the roads in the road crossing area, that is, the Taiping Bridge area

Wenzhou: Red Cross in action

On September 4, a foreigner in Shimonoseki, Nanjing, died of cholera. There are other patients who are living in Marklin Hospital and are very ill. Infected people were also found in the army. The third division in Nanjing was commanded by division commander Hong Chengdian to order the brigade and military medical offices to plan preventive measures.

In late September, cholera finally reached Wuhan in the upper reaches of Nanjing. Several people died with symptoms suspected of cholera, but no further reports appear to have been reported.

Jiangsu Province has strengthened the investigation and prevention of epidemic diseases in all counties. Suzhou is known as the Venice of the East, with its gully vertical and horizontal, but it is also extremely unhygienic. Drinking tea for cooking, washing clothes, and toilets all use water from the same river. Therefore, the Suzhou Police Department issued a notice requesting that all tea houses in the city and tiger stoves that provide residents with boiled water must hire water boats to draw clean river water outside the city, “for the sake of hygiene.” It’s just that these foolish people, “I don’t know what the public good is”, still fetch water from the stinky rivers in the city to sell, which has caused the epidemic. The police station then sent police officers to various tiger stoves to conduct random inspections. If the water quality was found to be unqualified, they would not be allowed to sell. The news said that because these sent patrol officers were “not good at enlightenment, and used some tough methods” (please use your own means to make up for yourself), which stimulated the merchants to rebound. They believed that the police station used this to donate money and charge fees arbitrarily. Stove strike. There was no boiling water in Suzhou for several days. cutAs of the September 27 issue of the “Report”, there has been no end of the market.

At the end of September, Wenzhou suffered a severe flood. “The floating corpses of the Minjiang River are full of stars.” Local officials and gentry had no time to salvage, and those who did not drift into the sea floated on the river. They smelled dozens of miles, and the fish in the river were basically can not eat. The epidemic struck after the disaster. In less than 20 days, the disaster area was only 270 miles away, and the death toll reached more than 300. The Wenzhou local government called the Governor of Zhejiang Province to apply for funding, and jointly called the Shanghai Red Cross and Red Cross for help—yes, these are two charitable organizations. The Red Cross was founded by Zhang Zhujun in October 1911. The intention is to distinguish it from 1905. The Chinese Red Cross, founded and increasingly official at this time. The two charities joined forces to rescue the wounded in the Hankou defense battle, and later moved to Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and other places. It can be said that there was a war department in the year of 1911, and there were figures of the Red Cross and the Red Cross.

Ms. Zhang Zhujun’s little shadow (9th issue of “Women’s World”, 1904)

However, the Shi Zai Red Cross was dissolved in April 1912. Wenzhou sent a call for assistance to Shanghai in October. I don’t know if the news of the dissolution of the Red Cross Society is unknown?

In later Wenzhou disaster reports, only the name of the Red Cross appeared. On December 29, the “Report” reported that the Red Cross had released a number of squads for rescue and epidemic rush to the worst disaster areas, such as Ruian and Jingning. Reminder. At the same time, the Red Cross is still responsible for snow disaster relief in Luzhou, Liangxiang, and other places in Hebei. It costs 60,000 sets of cotton clothing and rice grains and silver money is about 200,000 yuan in the ocean. The cost of the day.

Finally, the Red Cross commissioned a consultant, Fawkesson, to raise funds from various groups in the United States and Europe. Shen Zhongli said that because of heavy responsibilities and insufficient deposits, the Red Cross has more than enough power to deal with the disasters in the North and South. If there is no foreign assistance, there will be hundreds of victims of freezing and starving every day this winter.

Shanghai: Remove the wall that isolates Huayang

Actually, the plague that Wu Liande presided over in 1910 did not occur only in the northeast. Shanghai also suffered. At that time, Shanghai was initiated by the British and American Ministry of Industry, “from the front of the Sikkim Office to the Tianbaoli mouth of the Huajie of Chuanhong Road”, and a lead wall was set up in the middle of the road to isolate the rat from the virus. To put it plainly, this is a self-protection strategy of the concession, and it wants to isolate the plague from the concession.

After the plague subsided, the local merchants and people in this area had inconvenient transportation and repeatedly petitioned the Shanghai Road to notify the Diplomatic Corps and demolish the lead wall. There is no opinion on this point. But after the wall is demolished, who will repair the road that distinguishes the Chinese concession in the Concession? It was another round of negotiations. It had been negotiated from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. This is already the end of October 1912.

Within 20 days from the settlement of road disputes, plague has erupted in the concession. One after another, the vendor’s shop died of illness. According to reports, “infected persons have coughed up sputum with blood, and it is now winter season, which is similar to the pulmonary blast in the three eastern provinces.” The only improvement over the previous year is that because of the epidemic of Chinese in the Concession in 1910, foreign hospitals refused to treat them. Shanghai gentlemen, led by the Red Cross Vice President Shen Zhongli, initiated the establishment of the Tianjin Road Public Hospital. Chinese plagues are free of charge.

“Chinese Red Cross Magazine” published in 1914

The Declaration declares to the public that if a plague is found, the patient should be taken to a public hospital immediately. If the family can’t bear to leave, the hospital also has a virus vaccine, and the family can stay with the patient after the injection. If the patient dies unfortunately, it can also be carried out as usual without cremation. The “Report” reported and emphasized: “The establishment of this hospital is a hospital independent of Chinese people. It is different in nature from an outsider’s hospital. If the epidemic home is hesitant, the infected family will end up all together, and it will cause endangering the neighborhood.” p>

The concession authorities also considered that if the Chinese people inside and outside the concession were allowed to infect plague, and the virus was not a genetic weapon, it would not be possible to pass on only the Chinese but not the foreigners, so they also sent doctors to the epidemic area for treatment. The water needle was inserted into the patient’s leg, and was poured with a potion to eliminate the epidemic. ” Cooperation between China and foreign countries is also an important reason why the plague in Shanghai in 1912 was not as serious as it was two years ago.

Northeast: Gengzi sets up five infectious disease hospitals

Since August 29, all ships bound for Shanghai to Japan need to stay in Nagasaki for three to five days and undergo quarantine.

However, the strict quarantine system has not saved Japan from the East Asian cholera. Reuters, October 4th, cholera spread rapidly in Japan, and infected people have appeared in 14 prefectures, with a total of 736 people-compared to Shanghai’s dozens, thousands and other uncertain numbers, it is still too accurate.

Live animal test

The plague at the end of the year has not passed Northeast Asia. On December 15, there was a report that plague was found in Lake Baikal, and three suspected infections were also found near the Manzhouli Station. The next day, three Cossack soldiers died of plague in Harbin. Two days later, Russia issued a statement saying the three Cossacks, three suspected patients at the Manzhouli station. They preyed on a few marmots in the Arno area (game game!) And became infected with deadly plague. Fortunately, no similar situation was found along the Middle East Railway, and the tragedy of 1910 should not be repeated.

This is certainly good news. The better news may be a resolution three months ago. As early as 1911, due to the heavy lessons of the Northeast Plague, the Wanfang National Defense Epidemic Conference proposed the establishment of a number of epidemic hospitals throughout the Northeast. This proposal was written by Dr. Wu Liande to the Chinese government, and the government approved the allocation of 8,000 pounds per year by the Manchuria tax bureau for hospital construction.