The article is from the public account: Bring Science Home (ID: steamforkids) (Group IA) was told: “You do n’t stutter, you speak very well, and you will Much better than it is now. Don’t care what others say about you, they don’t know that this is just a stage of human development. “
Another set of (Group IB) was told the truth: “You stutter.”
Of the remaining 12 children who did not stutter, 6 of them (Group IIA) accepted the speech strike operation. Tudor told the children of the IIA group: “Staff found that you were having trouble speaking, and you showed many symptoms of stuttering children. You must stop talking right now, and you should not speak until you can speak well.” p>
The youngest was 6 years old, and the oldest was 15 years old. During the experiment, researchers kept telling them that there was a problem with pronunciation and that it had to be corrected immediately.
The remaining six normal children are the experimental control group (Group IIB) , they are told that they have not stuttered and are speaking well Will be praised.
To maintain the effect of the experiment, Tudor also told the orphanage teachers that the children in the IIA group had stuttering symptoms. Every month, Tudor asks the orphanage teacher and dean to repeatedly label the children with a “stutter” to make them aware that they have a problem.
In addition, she asked the teachers to interrupt the children when they were incoherent, and asked the children not to speak before they could speak well.
So, the experiment lasted from January 1939 to May. Tudor goes to the orphanage every few weeks for a 45-minute conversation with each orphan. What about the experimental results?
Within six months, in 6 (Group IIA) of six children who were hit for no reason, stuttering symptoms started in 5 people.
Tudor wrote in the research report that children in the IIA group quickly responded to negative evaluations. All 6 children became taciturn, their speech speed became significantly slower, and their sentences became shorter. . The 2 youngest children respond to the question with 1 word if possible. Personally, all six children became more shy and acknowledged that they had problems speaking.
For example, Norma Jean Pugh, 5 years old, “was reluctant to speak, although she used to speak fluently before.” Another 9-year-old Betty Romp “was also unwilling to speak, mostly covering her eyes with her hands “.
The eldest child in the IIA group, 15-year-old Hazel Potter “became very introverted and unwilling to speak,” and developed symptoms of stuttering. This is unusual because most patients with stuttering develop symptoms for the first time between the ages of 2-5 years.
Tudor also noticed that when PotWhen ter is talking, there will be a lot of “ah”, and she will also worry about playing with her fingers. Tudor asked her, “Why do you play with your fingers?” Potter replied, “I was afraid I would say ‘ah’.” Hazel Potter later recalled in an interview: “I was n’t close to anyone at the time. Very silent. “
In the following lawsuits against Iowa and the University of Iowa, Norma Jean Pugh (later renamed Kathryn Meacham) Representative lawyer Evan Douthit said that when she was an adult, she hated talking and always thought that she was a freak. She only kissed people in the church and her family.
(Group IIA) of all children who have been hit for no reason also started to decline . One of the boys became reluctant to recite the text in the classroom. 11-year-old Clarence Fifer also started to correct herself often. He told Tudor that he felt he couldn’t speak, “there’s something stuck there and he can’t say it.”
12-year-old Mary Korlaske has become lonely and unwilling to associate with people. Tudor asked her, “Does your good friend know that you stutter?” Korlaske replied: “She doesn’t know, I don’t talk to her much.” Two years later, Korlaske escaped from the orphanage, and was later found in another condition. Worse orphanage admission.
In an interview with The New York Times in 2003, Korlaske said: “This experiment completely ruined my life. I haven’t talked to my husband about it. I don’t want to talk more.” strong> Korlaske (Later renamed as Mary Nixon) In the documents submitted to the court, she pointed out that she believed in her life that she had speech difficulties and was full of anxiety.
You might want to ask, what about those kids who stutter?
In the IB group, that is, the five children who actually stuttered and were told the truth, three of them stuttered. In contrast, in the IA group, that is, the actual stuttering, but only one of the encouraged children became stuttering.
Shadow of a lifetime
The problems of the six children can not be ignored, so that the orphanage had to contact Johnson to tell him that some of the children became stuttering. In the correspondence between Tudor and Johnson, she also mentioned that some children in the IIA group were stuttering.
After seeing the serious consequences of their experiments, Johnson and Tudor regretted it. Conscientious Tudor has been returning to these children for several years after the end of the study, comforting them and trying to provide rehabilitation counselling for the affected children.
Fortunately, in adulthood, the six orphans in the IIA group did not become stuttering. Because later in the academic world it became clear that stuttering is the result of physical and mental interaction. Johnson predicts that psychogenic stuttering exists, but some people also start stuttering after a stroke or brain injury. (Neurogenic stuttering) .
More importantly, most children ’s stuttering “self-heals”, and three-quarters of children who stutter do not stutter when they grow up. This situation is called developmental stuttering.
However, many of the children who have been hit for no reason are depressed and unsure about their expression in adulthood. Obviously, Tudor’s follow-up intervention did not work as expected .
Because this experiment is inhumane and cannot pass the ethical review of academic journals, and Johnson is afraid of being compared to the Nazis, he never published this theory of error diagnosis that actually supports his own (Diagnosogenic theory) . This experiment was sealed in the archives of the University of Iowa for 62 years.
In 2001, after a California newspaper reported the testimony of a research assistant, the orphans learned the truth about the experiment, and they were already 70-80 years old. In 2001, the University of Iowa publicly apologized. In the same year, the orphans filed suit against Iowa and the University of Iowa.
Evan Douthit, a lawyer representing the five plaintiffs, said: “I believe the judge agreed that their lives have been hit.” In 2007, the orphans received compensation of $ 1.15 million.
Iowa’s state attorney general said the total compensation of $ 1.15 million was “fair and appropriate.” The stuttering researcher Johnson ’s short half-year experiment was crowned the “Devil Research” by future generations (Monster Study) . But how many children are receiving such a devil education?
Child, you are not stuttering, you are just talking with DJ effect.
The article is from the public number: science home (ID: steamforkids) , author: seven Jun