Source ｜ 宁南 山 (ID : Ningnanshan2017)
Author ｜ Ningnan Mountain, Shenzhen
The Permanent Residence Ordinance has recently become popular online. This ordinance is said to be aimed at attracting talent.
For the global talent distribution, this article uses data to explore the following basic facts-
First, the global talent is highly concentrated in developed countries + China Russia India
The reason is very simple. The growth of outstanding talents requires a platform. Without the platform, outstanding talents cannot grow. Yang Zhenning and Qian Xuesen would not have been so high if they had not gone to the United States and had no experience in Princeton, MIT, or California Institute of Technology. Scientific and technological achievements, and obviously only developed countries and developing countries with strong scientific and technological capabilities such as China and Russia can provide a good stage for scientific research talents.
I have a previous article that introduced the official report of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. This report statistically analyzes the output of scientific and technological strength of countries around the world every year. In the 2016 report, it analyzed the number of scientific and technological R & D personnel in various countries in the world in 2014. ,
The total number of R & D personnel in the 28 EU countries is 1.762 million (including 360,000 in Germany, 274,000 in the UK, and 269,000 in France).
The total number of R & D talents in China is 1.524 million, exceeding the 1.253 million in the United States.
Japan ranks fourth in the world with 867,000 people.
Next are Russia’s 445,000, South Korea’s 345,000, and India’s 193,000.
That is the world. The total number of R & D talents in Europe, the United States, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and India is only 7.292 million, plus the number of R & D talents in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries, accounting for the global population. (Already more than 7.5 billion) is just about a thousandth.
Using the United States as an example, US country Statistics of Education Centers In 2013, there were 184,000 professors, Associate professors, 158,800 assistant professors, and 178,800 assistant professors in the United States, a total of about 520,000, accounting for the national population The proportion is less than 0.2%. Even if all the lecturers are added up, it is 820,000 people, less than 0.3% of the total population.
Of course, in addition to universities and scientific research institutions, there are still a lot of R & D talents in companies. Because American companies have become the main body of American R & D, the number of R & D personnel in American companies should be higher than that in American universities and scientific research institutions. Number of scientific researchers.
The statistics from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan above has a total of 1.253 million R & D talents in the United States in 2014. Considering that it is now 2020, the total number should increase. We do n’t know the Japanese ’sWhat is the definition, but compared with the number of scientists in American universities, the overall digital order is reasonable.
In other words, the United States, as a global superpower and the first technological powerhouse, has just over 1 million R & D talents, accounting for less than 0.5% of its total population.
One or two million scientific and technological talents can support the world’s largest scientific and technological power, which fully shows that the core of talents is quality rather than quantity. The Chinese say that the Three Armed Forces are easy to obtain, and the five divisions of Qian Xuesen, which will be difficult to meet with the Americans, are actually the same meaning.
Of course, we also notice that Chinese officials have a broader definition of R & D talents than Japanese. According to the “China Science and Technology Talent Development Report (2014)” report first compiled by the Ministry of Science and Technology, China ’s The total number of R & D (research and development) personnel has grown rapidly, totaling 5.018 million.
Based on full-time equivalent statistics, the total number of R & D personnel has reached 3.533 million years, surpassing the United States and ranking first in the world.
Although there are differences in the number of statistical calibers, it is a basic fact that global scientific and technological talents are concentrated in developed countries + China, Russia, and India.
Second, corresponding to the global distribution of scientific and technological talents, the global scientific and technological output is concentrated in developed countries + China, note that there is no Russian India
The Global scientific paper research report :
We can see the above picture. From 2007 to 2017, the world ’s top 20 paper publications and citations, US papers and citations.They are the most in the world, with 66.45 million citations.
19.35 million times in the world in China.
Next are United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland, South Korea, India, Sweden, Brazil, Taiwan, Poland, Russia, Turkey, and Iran.
To sum up: The top ten are 9 developed countries + China; the top 15 are 12 developed countries + China, India and Brazil; the top 20 are 13 developed economies + China, India and Pakistan Tui.
In fact, the total number of cited papers for India + Brazil + Poland + Russia + Turkey + Iran was only 14.48 million, which is not as high as that of the United States, Britain, China, and Germany.
The top 20 papers of China + 13 developed countries and regions have been cited 198 million times, and there are more than a dozen developed countries and regions beyond the 20, which will occupy a large number of 20-40 positions. .
In other words, developed countries + China have monopolized 90% of the world ’s basic science output.
There is another piece of data. The papers with the most cited papers in each discipline from 2007 to 2017 are ranked as the top 1% in the world. They are called highly cited papers. Note that it is 1%.
As of October 2017, China’s highly cited papers were 20131, accounting for 14.7% of the world’s share, an increase of 18.7% over 2016, and the world ranking remained third. The top two are 69,976 articles in the United States (51.1% of the world) and 25,880 articles in the United Kingdom (18.9%). The United States, the United Kingdom and China account for 85% of the world.
The papers are mainly from scientific research institutions and universities around the world. Let’s look at the number of PCT international patent applications that mainly reflect the R & D activities of global enterprises. According to the 2018 Global PCT International Patent Report published by the World Intellectual Property Organization, a total of applications have been filed worldwide. 253,000 PCT international patents.
The top ten countries with the most PCT patent applications in the world are:
United States, China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, Netherlands
What percentage of the world are these 10 countries?
The United States, China, and Japan applied for a total of 159,189 applications, accounting for 62.92% of the world’s total.
Together, the top ten worldwide have applied for a total of 222.509 million applications, accounting for 87.94% of the world’s total.
Or simply, China + 9 developed countries account for about 88% of the world.
It is very noticeable. Compared with the global distribution of scientific research talents in the first point, although Russia and India have a large number of scientific research talents, their output is obviously inferior because the platforms of these two countries compare with developed countries and China. Weak, lack of capital investment in universities, and lack of top well-known enterprises.
Third, the R & D of science and technology in all countries in the world is mainly based on domestic talents, and foreign talents are only a useful supplement
Growing and strengthening your own research platform is the focus.
We still use American professors as data samples. Among the 520,000 professors, associate professors, and assistant professors in the United States in 2017, the number of whites was 146,600 professors, 114,978 associate professors, and 115,706 assistant professors. It was 376,000, accounting for 72.4%.
It is also worth noting that Asian people are the second largest source of American professors, with 18.57 million professors, 18,014 associate professors, and 20,700 assistant professors. %.
It needs to be explained that Chinese professors of Asian descent (including principals, associates, and assistants) are the largest group, followed by Indians, Koreans, and Iranians.
There are about 16,000 others of unknown ethnicity or mixed race.
It is worth noting that there are also black and Hispanic professors, but obviously they are basically American.
We often say that the success of the United States lies in attracting talents from all over the world. Therefore, we mistakenly think that the United States’ scientific and technological R & D talents come from all countries in the world. Therefore, there is no core group, which is actually wrong. U.S. technology research and development does not rely on mercenaries, but mainly American and white scientific and technological talents, which also shows that relying on domestic talents can completely reach the peak of global scientific research.
It is the top scientific and technological talent in the United States, and most of them come from the outstanding elements among 327 million Americans. As an example, only the 520,000 professors in the United States in the above text are still American, and 72.4% are white.
Large Latin American countries, Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, despite a total population of more than 6 billion people, accounting for more than 80% of the global population, but in the U.S. professor group, whites and a few mixed + Apart from the unidentified ethnic origin, the total number of Hispanics + Asians + Blacks is only about 21%.
The country’s science and technology talents are the basic disk of a country’s science and technology power. All resources should be tilted towards the country’s outstanding talents.
The data in this article has explained the source of China’s introduction of foreign talents, in fact, the focus is two points:
The first point is how to introduce scientific and technological talents in developed countries, especially the United States.
Since it is a scientific and technological talent, it is already in scientific researchAchievements, while global scientific and technological talents are highly concentrated in developed countries + China, Russia, and India, while the total number of talents in Russia and India is far lower than in developed countries.
So, Objectively, China’s introduction of foreign talents will be mainly developed countries. The total number of talents and scientific and technological output in developing countries is very small, so they must not be strategically important.
Then the question is, how can we attract talents from developed countries to serve China under the various barriers of language, culture, family and child education, living environment, and national emotions?
There are nothing but three ways:
1. A large number of Chinese talents are attracted to return, typically the Thousand Talent Program. It needs to be explained that in the past few decades, the Chinese have taken an absolute majority in the introduction of overseas talents in China. Of the 23 two-shot bombers, 21 have returned from abroad, and the world ’s best physics is still alive. Family Yang Zhenning, let alone a thousand people plan to introduce.
But the understanding on the domestic network of attracting foreign talents to China seems to be limited to “foreigners who are not Chinese”, which is very different from the facts.
2. Attract foreign talents through large projects and projects. The main point that China can focus on is on the platform. The more typical example is that China is engaged in display panels, and BOE and other companies have recruited a large number of Korean engineers. Similarly, China has engaged in memory projects, and has also recruited R & D talents from South Korea and Japan.
China can attract talents from overseas for large science projects and large industrial projects, because platforms and money are still very attractive.
3. Go out. The best thing to do here is Huawei, which has established a large number of R & D centers overseas. It is worth noting that the R & D centers established by Chinese companies overseas are basically in developed countries + Russia + India. The distribution of talent is highly adaptable. OPPO opened its first overseas R & D center in India in 2018.
The second point is to establish an elite international student system
The main source of foreign talents introduced by the United States is the cultivation of its strong scientific research platforms (universities, famous enterprises), followed by mature scientific and technological talents imported from abroad.
The reason is very simple. Foreign technology talents who have become successful oftenPosition, high income, stable family, age and unwillingness to toss and other reasons, there are possibilities for the family to move to the United States to live, but the willingness must not be as good as the students who are full of hope for the future.
My current high school and college classmates are currently settling in the United States. I saw that all of them are studying in the United States and then staying in the United States. After working in China for several years, their families immigrated to the United States with technical skills. This route is not mainstream.
It can also be seen from the trend of domestic college graduates that the biggest source of talents for higher education in a city is to accept fresh graduates, rather than hopping from another city after a stable job.
Besides, the universities in Beijing have the most stay in Beijing, and the universities in Shanghai have the most stay in Shanghai.
It also refers to the scientific and technological talents introduced in the United States. Most of them were only students with excellent academic performance before entering the United States. They became talents, which are actually the products of American powerful scientific research platforms (famous schools and enterprises).
The powerful platform will further attract mature foreign talents to the United States.
The key to ensuring the introduction of high-level foreign talents in the United States is not to relax the technical immigration conditions for green cards, but to establish a strict elite international student system and a platform that makes the country stronger and stronger.
In this respect, our country is far worse than the United States. In the past ten years, the number of Chinese students studying in China has grown rapidly, but the entry and graduation thresholds are not strict. This reduces the reputation of Chinese students studying abroad, reduces the attractiveness to outstanding students, and is not conducive to the cultivation of real elites among Chinese students.
For the regular colleges and universities of famous universities in China, we must set strict standards for the recruitment of foreign students, improve the standards of graduation, ensure the quality of international students, and keep the reputation of our famous universities, and turn Chinese famous universities into high-end brands.
Of course, for non-prestigious schools, foreign students with high tuition fees must also be opened to attract money. This is used to make money.
Finally, let me say a few more words, which is what I have always thought about:
Catch up with developed countries for talents, and train talents for developing countries.
Under the reality that global science and technology talents are concentrated in developed countries + China, Russia, and India, the so-called scramble for global talents, in fact, refers to the competition for talents in a few developing countries such as developed countries + Chinese + Russia and India .
WelcomeIn terms of perspective, there should be different strategies for the utilization of these three types of talents:
1. Chinese in developed countries are China’s largest overseas talent pool, and must be the main force to attract returnees for a long time. A large number of outstanding enterprises in China are founded by overseas returnees, and Chinese universities also have a large number of researchers with overseas study and scientific research experience. This is too many examples.
2. Of course, China must also use and attract local talents from developed countries, but there is a large number of people coming to China, so that it is unlikely that China will introduce a high surplus of talents to developed countries.
It is only possible for Japan and South Korea, because it is very close to China, with similar races and cultures, but far away, different languages, living environments, families and races. Coming to China, so that China has a large surplus of talents in Europe and the United States, I do not think there is a high possibility in a short time. For reference, even the United States, the largest source of overseas scientific and technological talent is China and India, two developing countries, and Not other developed countries, so China can use local talents by establishing R & D centers in developed countries.
3. For developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the total number of talents is already small, and the level of science and technology is also behind China. A country with more than 300 million people in the United States also has more than 500,000 professors. A developing country can only have very few talents who are short of China’s scientific and technological capabilities. China does not have much motivation and is not suitable for a large number of local talents.
You ca n’t always say that you want to develop the semiconductor chip, aerospace, robotics industry, and eventually go to the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and South Asia to dig people. Advanced technology and advanced industries in developing countries are basically blank, otherwise It will be just a developing country, and they will definitely go to Korea, Japan, Europe and the United States to dig people.
In other words, a certain technology in this developing country is okay. There are hundreds of core talents in this field, and then China voluntarily ran out of the competition and completely hollowed out. It feels inappropriate, of course. Broke to death, nowhere else for talent, is another matter, such as the aviation industry in Ukraine.
For the developing countries of the world, to build a community with a shared future for mankind, China should help them cultivate talents rather than compete for them.
One is to build a local R & D center, which utilizes local talents and promotes the development of local talents. In fact, there are not many countries in developing countries suitable for establishing R & D centers, mainly Russia and India.
The first is to establish an elite international student system, with high standards and strict requirements to train talents for developing countries. Except for a very small number, most of them should be encouraged to return to the country and develop in their own countries as China.It has become the main force for development and promoted the progress of its own country. It is also that China has used its own educational resources to help its development and build a community of human destiny.
This article hopes to look at talent introduction objectively from a data perspective.
From a data perspective, the first source of science and technology talent imported from overseas is Chinese in developed countries, and the second largest source is local talents in developed countries (Europe, America, Australia, New Zealand + Japan and South Korea).
For the majority of developing countries, the total amount of talents that can be introduced is far lower than that of developed countries. At present, China does not have high academic requirements for international students, and it is not possible to train top international students from developing countries in batches to produce outstanding scientific research Talents stay in China.
So from the objective results, as long as we do introduce high-end talents, it must be Chinese + nationals of developed countries, and the number must be scarce.
So if China finally implements the permanent residency regulations, and then finds that it is not the Chinese + the nationals of the developed countries who have obtained permanent residency permits, and the number of permit holders is still quite large, then there must be a problem.
This is also the worry of the broad masses.