This article is from the WeChat public account: Bi Dao (ID: bxt_thu) , author: BI guide (Polytechnic male Virgo, focusing seriousness with the eyes of science to nonsense). Reprints are forbidden, please contact the original author for authorization. Title picture: IC photo
The topic of the new crown vaccine has been hotly searched.
Some Trumps rejected the US $ 1 billion buyout of German vaccines, and later Major General Chen Wei of our country successfully developed a recombinant vaccine and tested it clinically. Immediately after that, China and the United States shot the first shot of the vaccine almost the same day, and it felt like one or two of the class had their examination papers submitted in advance at the same time …
American Buyers’ Show: Somber expression, very annoying
Chinese buyers show: lively language, good condition, mask protection in place
At the same time, there are a bunch of classmates struggling to write on the global test room for vaccine development. According to WHO statistics, [1] , there are 44 new crown vaccine research and development projects worldwide. At least 96 companies and academic groups are developing [2] at the same time. If you are on stage, you can do “Creating Vaccine 101”.
This is not surprising. Vaccines are too important. Now that New Coronary Pneumonia has become a global pandemic, if the epidemic is a war, then only the birth of the vaccine can completely set the banner for victory.
In fact, I can say the truth, the new crown vaccine is estimated to be unavailable to the general public in China. After all, when the epidemic broke out, who could have thought that our country would end the fighting in two months? After the third phase of clinical trials, you may have to go abroad to borrow volunteers.
Source: B station boss @Jannchie See all, AV97702546
But the international community has been very turbulent with the epidemic. Whoever gets the vaccine first can make the world feel at home. The research and development of the new crown vaccine is not only a battle between science and viruses, but also a secret contest between big countries.
Do you have many question marks when friends see this? Wasn’t vaccine development in the past 10 years? It’s only been two months, have the first shots between China and the United States been continued? Is it safe so fast? How many months can I play? Who can take the lead in China and the United States? The epidemic is almost over. Is it necessary to spend money on vaccines?
I happened to have recently reviewed all kinds of information about the development of the new crown vaccine in the world, and my understanding of the vaccine has basically reached the invincible Jiuxianqiao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing. Today I will help you answer these questions one by one. After reading this article, you should also become the chief vaccine expert in your community.
I. What high-tech vaccines are used in China and the United States?
Most people know about vaccines because they can’t get sick after getting a shot. Biology classmates may remember the story of smallpox vaccinia, knowing that the vaccine is a non-toxic virus.
But times are advancing, and vaccines are not as simple as those in junior high school textbooks! There are many types of modern vaccines [3] , and China has a full skill tree in this epidemic. At present, there are 5 routes in the simultaneous development of [4] .
For example, there are many ways to develop HIV vaccines.
The original statement at the State Council briefing was: “The vaccine research and development unit does not count the cost, not the economic income account, only the people’s health account.” This is probably the legendary saturated scientific research. I seem to see Dr. Chen Wei’s hair -1 in Academician Chen Wei’s research group … Let me give you a science vaccine.
Virus is a DNA / RNA enveloped with a protein. The human body produces antibodies when it encounters the virus, and remembers how the virus looks. After getting better, you can recognize the virus next time you encounter it— Oh, you again? Then produce antibodies to kill it.
Vaccines are specially treated viruses that do not cause disease in humans, but they can teach the immune system to recognize the virus. Next time I meet a real virus- Hey, where do we seem to have seen it? Then produce antibodies to kill it.
Y-shaped antibodies are antibodies
According to different treatment methods, vaccines are divided into the following five types: inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, and recombinant virus vector vaccines.
(1) Inactivated vaccine is to kill the virus directly and then throw the whole body to the immune system for it to recognize. For example, heat to death or soak in formalin. This is the most classic type of vaccine. The advantage is that it is safe and mature. The disadvantage is that the virus is dead after all, and the immunity caused may not be enough.
Electronic radiation destroys virus nucleic acid to make inactivated vaccine
(2) Live attenuated vaccines generally pass the virus several times, mutate, and then screen out the weakly pathogenic virus, make vaccines to train the immune system.
The virus is still alive when it enters the body, so this vaccine can fully stimulate the immune response, but there are also small risks. After all, the toxicity is not completely eliminated, although it is a soft persimmon, but in case you are softer than it, it is equivalent to spending money to bring the virus home.
The first two are traditional vaccine routes. With the advancement of science and technology, people have come up with three new routes using genetic engineering technology.
(3) Recombinant protein vaccine, take part of the virus and let the immune system recognize it. For example, the new crown virus looks like a ball, and there are some spines outside the ball. (S protein) . Then I let E. coli express the S protein, penetrate the body, and let the immune system recognize the thorn. Seeing thorns and seeing poison later.
“Sting” on the surface of the new crown virus
It ’s like Bi Dao ’s beard is very special. You ’ve seen photos of my beard, and next time you see Hu Rujian Bi.
Its advantage is high security, after all, it is a thorn. The disadvantage is that it may be ignored by the immune system. For example, some people don’t recognize Bi Dao’s beard to recognize that it is Bi Dao. In case Bi Dao shaves his beard, he won’t even know P pictures.
(4) Nucleic acid vaccine is more interesting. We directly enter the DNA / mRNA corresponding to the S protein into the human body, and let it express the virus S protein in the cells, and then let the cells recognize. It is tantamount to letting the cell somehow make a sting of the virus and then destroy it by itself. Sure enough, the greatest enemy of man is himself.
DNA vaccine, virus genes into recombinant plasmids
This vaccine is super easy to make, as long as you know the virus sequence, you can synthesize it in a wave. But human cells are not stupid, after all, it is impossible for you to send inexplicable mRNA and I will open the ribosome to welcome you, so the difficulty lies in protecting nucleic acids with nano lipid particles. That was the first vaccine in the United States.
(5) Recombinant virus vector vaccine is to insert part of genes of pathogenic virus A into weak chicken virus B which is not pathogenic, and reconstitute new virus C. The virus C has the appearance of A, but is as weak as B.
Similar to Bi’s purchase of Schwarzenegger’s skin. Although the combat power is only 5, you have been immune to Schwarzenegger since you saw me.
This is the first shot in China. The adenoviral vector vaccine from Major General Chen Wei. In 2014, she also developed the first Ebola vaccine in China and the third in the world with this technology. [6] .
You may be surprised by this set of data: humans currently only have about 70 vaccines to prevent 37 infectious diseases. Not many successful vaccines.
Even with a common disease like flu, it’s hard to beat it with a vaccine. There are many strains of influenza virus, of which several are epidemic each year. The WHO and the United States CDC predict each year several types of influenza [8] that may be circulating this year.
Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2017.
In theory, you should be vaccinated against influenza every year according to WHO’s recommendations. If you persist for 20 years, you should be able to become a master of flu immunity, and say goodbye to flu for the rest of your life.
Vaccines are not the same as drugs. Vaccines are intended for healthy people, making research and development more difficult. In the past, vaccines generally took 10-15 years to go from research and development to market. Every successful vaccine has used almost all current research and development methods. So this time in the face of the new crown virus, China decisively chose to launch all arrows.
Second, what is the level of vaccine progress in China compared with the world?
Let’s start with the conclusion: China is not slower than any other country. In China, five research and development routes for inactivation, recombinant protein, mRNA, DNA, and recombinant virus vectors are being carried out simultaneously. Most of the research and development teams can complete preclinical research in April and start clinical trials. / sup>.
Zhongsheng Group’s Wuhan Institute and Beijing Institute of Biological Products partly undertook the research and development of inactivated vaccines [9] . This requires the virus to be amplified and purified to increase virus viability and titer. The production of inactivated vaccines is essentially a process of poisoning and then killing, and it is more troublesome to produce safely.
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Military Academy of Military Academy and other units are developing recombinant protein vaccines [10] . The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has experienced the vaccine for MERS.
The mRNA vaccine is relatively fast, and the speed is in line with international standards. mRNA vaccine is a new technology around 2018, and currently there are no products on the market. DNA vaccines are also being developed.
The virus vector vaccine was developed by the team of Academician Chen Wei of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the Academy of Military Sciences and Tianjin Kangsino. This is the fastest, and the strength of the Military Medical Research Institute is also evident.
Ideally, New Crown vaccine products can be officially launched before the end of this year. This is the unprecedented speed of human vaccine development.
In fact, China and the United States secretly compete on two things: whoever takes the first shot first, whoever uses it first. I tried to check the exact time of the first needle, and the conclusion was almost tied.
According to the documents of China Clinical Trial Registration Center, Academician Chen Wei’s vaccine completed registration of Phase I clinical trials on March 17, and volunteer recruitment was already underway.
The picture is from China Clinical Trial Registry
At 8:18 pm on March 16, Academician Chen Wei’s vaccine was officially approved. According to an interview with a vaccine volunteer, Academician Chen Wei made her first shot. Of course, netizens do not need to worry about Academician Chen Wei, she knows that her vaccine is safer than anyone else. Just like I pick up potato chips from the ground and eat with confidence.
The United States also took the first shot in Seattle on March 16th, using a new vaccine “mRNA-1273” developed by Moderna.
But there are problems in two places: (1) In order to hurry, Moderna skips effective animal experiments and directly enters people. This has process and ethical risks [11] .
(2) Taking into account the time difference problem, Seattle is in the West Eighth District and Beijing is in the East Eighth District. They need to add 16 hours for conversion. Their March 16th is already our March 17th.
We may be a few hours faster, in short, Academician Chen Wei will be over.
However, I was quite shocked. After all, China’s epidemic was about one month earlier than the world. I did not expect to complete the first shot of the vaccine at the same time as the United States. But I went to the website of Moderna to check the schedule:
They started vaccine development on January 13. China and the United States started research and development at about the same time. This is exactly the advantage of the mRNA vaccine that we said earlier. You don’t need to get a virus strain, you can start as long as you have the sequence.
On the Internet, there are some conspiracy theories about whether someone in China stole the virus strain to Moderna. You can take a break first.
China and the United States have policies to take the lead in using emergency vaccines on high-exposure personnel. Therefore, it is estimated that in a few months, it will be necessary to determine who will take the lead in emergency use. Who will win this second round then?
Furthermore, the creation of vaccine 101 worldwide is also underway. Britain, Canada, Germany and Australia are desperately developing.
How fierce is the competition for the global C-ranking debut? You ca n’t even see an online class in your family for two months. People ’s lab has been saving the planet for two months.
Three, why can our country be so fast?
The previous discussion on the new crown epidemicWhen will Miao come out? Some say 3 years, some say 5 years. When they meet someone who says that 1 year is in place, netizens spray you up and talk about science.
So why is China so fast this time? Because our creatures are really much stronger than before.
When SARS came, it took 3 months for Chinese scientists to know that this was a coronavirus. This time, we isolated the virus and sequenced the whole genome of the virus within 3 days.
According to previous research experience, scientists have determined that neocrown virus may invade the human body through the cell membrane ACE2 protein. The first experiment, dumb Paris, animal experiments started.
The vaccine is first tested on mice. However, the new crown disease virus cannot be invaded by the mouse ACE2 protein. At this time, the gene of the human ACE2 protein is transferred to the mouse using transgenic technology so that it can get sick … This thing is called an “animal model”. What do you look like?
Fortunately, there has been a stock of ACE2 transgenic mice in China. As soon as the epidemic began, the country ordered the mice to have a baby. It takes three weeks for the mother of the mouse to become pregnant, and it takes three weeks for the mouse to give birth to milk before it can become an immune-functional rat. Three weeks and three weeks later, I finally got sick.
The Ministry of Science and Technology of China is urging rats from major animal research institutes to “born for the country”. So why did the vaccine do animal experiments in February? Scientific researchers may be waiting for mice to be born.
In addition to mice, the vaccine also needs to be tested on non-human primates, such as the rhesus monkey, which is the most popular rhesus monkey.
Rhesus monkey model research of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: will not be infected with new crown virus again after recovery
But after the South China Seafood Market in Wuhan, China has banned wildlife trading, and people are no longer allowed to buy and sell monkeys. Government departments also need to coordinate specifically, and give special approval to monkeys on major scientific research projects, give green lights to scientific monkeys, and “save monkeys” to scientists. The United States skipped effective animal experiments directly to people, probably because they didn’t have monkeys.
The picture is from the official website of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China
In addition, China’s vaccine research and development is not only fast, the safety procedures are almost flawless, toxicology experiments, animal tests, clinical trials, etc. have been done solidly. Of course, if it is to be used on a large scale in the future, it is estimated that it will be listed at the end of the year.
The picture comes from the SASAC
With the joint efforts of the government and scientists, and the great sacrifice of mice and monkeys, China can develop a vaccine so quickly! Foreign companies are fighting against each other. The unified deployment of China’s scientific research can also be regarded as a manifestation of the superiority of focusing on major tasks.
Fourth, the domestic epidemic is coming to an end. Does it make sense to spend a lot of money on vaccine development?
Yes, too.
This epidemic is almost over in our country, but with the current growth momentum of the world, there is a high probability that summer will not end. These cases were imported back into China, and eventually our cleared front may drag on for a long time.
We have developed a vaccine so that we will not panic completely.
For another reason, this epidemic has brought us a great shock: in this world, only viruses have no borders, and everything except viruses has borders. The media, masks and vaccines all have borders.
Economic confrontation, western discrimination and prejudice against us, shirk responsibility, and black and black public opinion. The world has so many borders. It fights all day.
Vaccines are a highly concentrated industry, with the world’s four largest vaccine companies accounting for more than 90% of the world’s share [12] . There is almost no Chinese vaccine in the international market. On the one hand, the process system is different, and on the other hand, there is also a problem of trust.
I can imagine that even if we had the vaccine first, Europe and the United States would not use it. Of course this is just meThe idea is also good for a face after a few months.
But the world is competing for the first person in vaccine research and development. Are you waiting for the United States to save the world and backhand a wave of disgusting you? We hate the feeling of being stuck in the neck by others, so we have to be self-reliant and have our skill trees full. Small nations make choices, and big nations want them all.
Finally, I think the most important reason is that from the perspective of a scientific research dog, we need stronger technology to cope with the future. If we come back with a stronger new and new crown virus next time, will we be able to do better?
The new crown vaccine does not necessarily help us solve the immediate problems. The key thing to think about is what research on SARS, MERS, Ebola and HIV has brought to the new crown, and the research on the new crown can bring us future What to do.
Let’s put our perspective on a broader timeline and think about the history of human struggle against viruses. The previous vaccine development took 10 years, and the Ebola vaccine took 3 years. The WHO said that the new crown vaccine may take 18 months.
Why is China so fast this time? After SARS, MERS, and Ebola, we developed a vaccine technology platform to deal with emerging infectious diseases. In the course of combating Ebola, Major General Chen Wei established an “research and development routine” for adenovirus vaccines, so that he could directly operate like a tiger when facing the new crown virus.
The accumulated experience and wisdom in the early stage allows us to react faster and faster.
You might think that Ebola is in Africa, it’s my fault? We still have to send biological dogs to Africa for experiments. Who has offended biological dogs?
But in this age of increasingly global connections, our disease from a thousand miles away is the distance from a cabin door. Helping Africa fight against Ebola is also to protect itself, but also to build capacity. When you were reviewing in the third year of high school, you made the Jiangsu paper again, and when you really took the test, you could not worry about it or even laugh.
So the new crown vaccineVigorously research and development, desperately to fill up the scientific skills. This is the protection of our own health, the wrestling of world science and technology, and even the training of the future.
Waiting for the successful development of the waiting vaccine, waiting for the new crown virus pneumonia has completely become history.
If you can’t beat us, it will eventually make us stronger.
Reference:
1. WHO vaccine statistics, https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus/en/ < / p>
2. “Who can outperform 96 teams worldwide in the development of a new crown vaccine?” “, Https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2020-03-20/doc-iimxyqwa1933713.shtml?cref=cj
3. https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types
4. The State Council ’s Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism March 17, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/gwylflkjz60/index.htm
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inactivated-virus-vaccine
6. “China’s First Ebola Vaccine Approved for Clinical Application”, http://military.people.com.cn/n/2014/1219/c1011-26239365 .html
7. https://www.who.int/ith/ITH-Chapter6.pdf
8. https://predict.cdc.gov/
9. https://www.cnbg.com.cn/content/details_12_5015.html
10. http://www.im.cas.cn/dqyd2018/gzdt/202003/t20200317_5516482.html
11. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/researchers-rush-to-test-coronavirus-vaccine-in-people/
12. Shen A K, Cooke M T. Infectious disease vaccines [J]. 2018.
This article is from WeChat public account: BiDao (ID: bxt_thu) author: Bi guide (Polytechnic male Virgo, with a scientific vision focused gravely nonsense). Reprints are forbidden, please contact the original author for authorization.