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“Did you smell metallic?”

April 26, 1986, 1:23 a.m.

Soviet Ukraine, Pripyat ^{[1] .}

A loud noise broke the tranquility of the middle of the night, and a beam of fire broke through the sky. Everyone was awakened, and the barking of the dogs continued.

The fireman Vasily received the call, immediately dressed and rushed to the fire. His wife looked at the fire in the distance and said uneasily, “This color doesn’t look right.”

Varisi was among the first firefighters to arrive at the scene. They thought it was an ordinary rescue, and everyone didn’t wear a gas mask.

The alarm sounded one after another, and a technician ran into the control room in panic and shouted, “The steam turbine hall is on fire and the core has exploded!”

The deputy chief engineer looked at him with a strange look, and then pretended to say calmly: “You have a brain disorder, the core of the RBMK reactor cannot explode.”

Someone questioned: “Did you taste metallic?”

The deputy chief engineer walked out of the control room and saw shattered glass and scattered graphite in the corridor, but he refused to admit it was a disaster.

At this time, a firefighter and colleague of Varisi’s hand began to have severe pain and soon blistered and rotted. His hand had just picked up a piece of graphite.

Pripyat, three kilometers away, people awakened by the explosion, walk out of the house and admire the beautiful fire light on the night sky. The children frolicked among the particles falling in the sky, and the couple walked on a bridge-the best viewing spot to snuggle. The dust particles fell on the child’s tender cheeks, and the couple’s hair and shoulders drifted into their mouths.

They don’t know at all, this beautiful firelight, this snowflake-like dust, is a notice of death.

—— HBO hit “Chernobyl” (2019)

Here is the most serious nuclear leak in human history, the Chernobyl accident.

At 1:23:04 in the evening of the same day, the safety system test of the No. 4 РБМК-1000 reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant began. The reactor was abnormal due to design flaws and operator errors.

1:23:40, the technician pressed the “emergency shutdown” button.

After 7 seconds, a continuous explosion occurred in the reactor core. The huge impact force instantly burst the 1200-ton dome above the reactor. The burning reactor emits a fierce firelight and is exposed to the night sky. The sparks continuously spray outward, carrying a large amount of dust of nuclear radiation particles. The heat wave drifted towards the vast urban and rural areas.

These brilliant fires are the Cherenkov radiation caused by the nuclear leak.

But at the time, like all firefighters, Vasily thought it was an ordinary fire. He told his wife not to worry, he would return soon.

“At the time, we were newly married. Even when we went to the store, we would go hand in hand.” Firefighter Vassili’s widow recalled.

“Close the window and go back to bed. The reactor is on fire. I will be back soon.”

However, Mrs. Vasily did not wait for her husband to return. At seven, she was told that her husband was in the hospital.

“Shards of his lungs and liver came out of his mouth, and he was choked by his own internal organs. I wrapped my hands in a bandage, reached into his mouth, and took out those things.”

Vasily and his wife are just one of the thousands of victims.

In the last days of Vasily, lying on the bed one day, he pointed to a big orange on the table and smiled and said to his wife, “My gift, take it.”

The nurse said to her beyond the curtain that she could not eat. She picked up the orange and Vasily closed his eyes-the nurse kept injecting him to make him fall asleep.

The nurse yelled at her in horror: “You need to know, it’s not your husband, it’s not your beloved, but someone with strong radiation and severe radiation poisoning. If you don’t have a suicidal tendency, just be rational One point. “

Mrs. Vasily said madly, “But I love him! I lovehe! “

“While he was sleeping, I said softly: ‘I love you!’ walking in the hospital atrium: ‘I love you.’ Holding the tray: ‘I love you.’ My hand can only sleep. He is used to holding my hand to sleep all night, so I also held his hand in the hospital. “

—— Oral narration of Vasily, “Sorrow of Chernobyl” by Ukrainian journalist Svetlana Alexeyevich (Nobel Prize in Literature 2015)

Mrs. Vasily has lost her mind, but she is not wrong. She loves her husband deeply. The nurse was not wrong and did his duty. So, whose fault is it? Accident, destiny, or inevitable?

The city of Chernobyl, a five-star town, was destroyed in this disaster and turned into an abandoned “ghost town”.

The dose of radiation released by this disaster is more than 400 times that of the atomic bomb that exploded on Hiroshima during World War II. Nuclear radiation caused 93,000 deaths in the 20 years after the accident, 270,000 people were cancerous, and more than 2.5 million people suffered from various diseases, including 473,000 children. These people suffer physically and mentally and may die at any time.

Gorbachev, then the supreme leader of the Soviet Union, once said astoundingly: “The Chernobyl nuclear accident may be the real cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union five years later. It is even more important than what I started. Reform. “

The Chernobyl accident, like a sharp knife, cut a deep wound on the Soviet Union countries and people, punctured the historic lie and bubble, and rang the first death knell of the Soviet Union.

I. Politics of lie: What is terrible is not disaster, but lies

“What are the consequences of a lie? It is not that we mistake the lie for the truth. The real danger is that we can no longer tell the truth when we hear more about the lie. What can we do then? Apart from giving up our faith in the truth , Content with stories of lies, what do we have left? “

—— “Chernobyl”

HBO hit “Chernobyl” plot screenshot

In 2019, HBO released “Chernobyl”, bringing people’s memories back to that historic tragedy moment.

In the view of screenwriter Messing, “Chernobyl” is not a film and television drama, but a true story about human nature, truth, and lies. It is expensive to pursue the truth.

“We try to restore the truth of the event as much as possible, and choose the most realistic part of the presentation. We have not changed the facts to make the story ups and downs. For us, this is a story about the truth.” Messing said.

Missing believes that human error is the main cause of the explosion-“Only humans can blast Chernobyl, and only humans have the ability to solve the problem. Thousands of people who seek the truth are Worth remembering. “

In the play, actor Jared Harris plays Chief Nuclear Power Plant Physicist Valery Legasov. This is a real person in history.

After the accident, Legasov, as the director of the Chernobyl nuclear accident investigation committee, rushed to the front to participate in the rescue and was responsible for investigating the truth of the accident. But two years after the disaster, on April 27, 1988, he hanged himself in his apartment.

When people thought the truth was buried in the dust like nuclear particles, a roll of audio tape led to the real cause of the explosion-flaws in the design of the reactor.

According to the audio tape he left, his report to the International Atomic Energy Agency was under pressure from political review by the relevant Soviet authorities. They even banned him, referring to the power plant operator’s knowledge of the reactor prior to the accident, and reactor defects that were already known at the time, causing serious harm to his career.

On the day of the explosion, 40,000 to 50,000 people lived as usual in Pripyat. They did not know that the nuclear power plant was three kilometers away, and most people thought it was an ordinary fire.

In the morning, the official did not notify the accident. For residents who came to inquire, officials also responded hastily, only reminding residentsClose doors and windows and stay at home as much as possible.

The day coincides with a weekend rest day, and most citizens spend a quiet day with their parents. Shopping shops in town are open as usual, with some residents walking and shopping in the streets. At the insistence of local doctors, the government issued iodine tablets to residents, but it was not timely.

Several days after the explosion, the Soviet Union chose to conceal the accident as much as possible, and Ukraine held a large-scale celebration in May as scheduled. Many children attended the celebration square at the time, but they and their parents did not know that they were being exposed to nuclear radiation.

Since then, Ukraine’s first secretary, Shebiski, committed suicide, and the number of people exposed to nuclear radiation has not been announced.

Soviet officials have not paid much attention to this matter. The entire bureaucratic system was numb, blameless, and slow, and the accident was concealed and the best rescue time was missed.

After the accident, in the early morning of the 26th, Soviet Minister of Energy Mayorets reported to the President of the Soviet Council of Ministers Ryzhkov by phone:

“Nuclear power plant’s nuclear reactor exploded. The nuclear code’s night password alarm shows ‘1, 2, 3, 4’. These four numbers indicate the nuclear leak, nuclear radiation, fire and explosion … At present Chernobyl The state of affairs in the town is still unclear and urgent measures are needed immediately. “

However, the Soviet Union did not pay much attention to this matter, and defined the accident as “the reactor fire, but there was no explosion.”

According to Gorbachev, “the morning of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion, the Politburo of the CPSU met to discuss the situation, and then organized a government committee to deal with the consequences of the accident.”

Late night of the 26th, President of the Soviet Council of Ministers Ryzhkov received another report by phone:

“During the informal test of the turbine unit of Unit 4 of the nuclear power plant, two successive explosions occurred, the reactor room was blown up, hundreds of people were exposed to nuclear radiation, and two people died on the spot. The radiation situation was very complex and temporarily unavailable. Make the final conclusion … The government committee has started to work in several groups according to their respective specialties and divisions of work, but must send troops to participate in the accident handling work, urgently need large helicopters, and chemical defense forces, the sooner the better.

However, Rzhkov did not inform Gorbachev of the seriousness of the accident.

Gorbachev described in his memoirs the officials of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and other officials’ contempt for the accident: “It’s no big deal. The same thing happened with industrial reactors before, and they all resolved. To avoid nuclear radiation, you need to drink plenty of water, eat and sleep well.”

The members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union rushed to the scene of the accident and had first-hand information. Academician Legasov personally arrived in No. 4 reactor in an armoured vehicle to observe closely, and found that the graphite inside was still burning, and the white smoke plume of the explosion was releasing a large amount of radioactive material. Aware of the danger of the spread of radioactive material, he insisted on the immediate evacuation of all residents of Pripyat.

At 11 am the next day, 34 hours after the explosion, Soviet authorities started the first evacuation, and more than 1,000 buses arrived in the town. It was not until 2 pm that the authorities announced that everyone had left the town completely. After more than three hours, about 40,000 residents were transferred to towns such as Lesgna.

To avoid panic, the authorities chose to conceal the truth of the accident and tell residents that no serious accidents had occurred, as long as everyone washed their hands frequently. Residents thought it was only a temporary evacuation, and some people left a note saying “Don’t move my belongings” at the door of their home. However, they did not expect that this time, this life will not be restored.

48 hours after the accident, the local government began to evacuate residents within a radius of 10 kilometers. Many people suffer from thyroid cancer because of being evacuated too late, and the rate of infant malformations has increased significantly.

The next day after the explosion, a technician at a nuclear power plant in Sweden was surprised to find that there was an unusually high level of nuclear radiation in the surrounding air. Nuclear anomalies have also been detected in Denmark, Norway, and Finland. At this time, Chernobyl’s nuclear particles drifted with the wind to other European countries, of which 60% settled in Belarus, bringing great disaster to the local area.

On the 28th, an American spy satellite detected an explosion in Chernobyl. European media reported the matter wildly, and the Swedish nuclear power plant asked the Soviet Union for an investigation report. The Soviet authorities realized that they could not hide it, and at 9 pm on the 28th, a short message was broadcast on Soviet television to report the incident. But 67 hours have passed since the accident.

Ironically, Gorbachev also learned of the seriousness of the matter through reports from Swedish scientists.

After the Soviet Union recognized, the world was shocked!

Sweden takes emergency measures to advise citizens to stop eating fresh vegetables and to go out as little as possible and not drink rainwater.

The Austrian government has completely eliminated the sand particles in outdoor parks to prevent atmospheric particles from settling into sand pits and contaminating playing children.

The following week, Poland, Germany, Austria, Romania, France,Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey, Israel, the United States, and Canada have all detected varying degrees of nuclear radiation. Chernobyl then became a sudden worldwide problem.

China is also shocked by this. Scientists are intensively monitoring every day, and a few days later find that the pollution has not entered China. At the time, China was preparing to build the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. Affected by the accident, more than 1 million Hong Kong citizens signed petitions against the construction of the nuclear power plant. Finally, the high-level coordination came to calm the storm.

To the shock of the aliens, the most calm is actually the Soviet Union.

HBO hit “Chernobyl” plot screenshot

A full week after the outbreak, the Soviet government did not disclose too much information, and even refused to provide complete information to the Soviet Union countries, which led to Belarus and other countries miscalculating the consequences of the disaster.

The official media of the Soviet Union also declared that “the damage is far less serious than that described by Western media” and “be wary of Western forces destroying unity.”

A week later, Yeltsin (later the Russian president) issued a message: “The reservoir near the power plant is polluted, and the radiation around the power plant is too high to be suitable for the return of local residents.”

At this time, residents of Chernobyl and Pripyat realized that they could not return home. But to avoid panic, Soviet authorities still refused to fully inform the entire population of the accident.

On May 9, 13 days after the nuclear explosion, Moscow held a grand celebration of victory in the Patriotic War as usual. In order to dilute the negative effects of the Chernobyl accident, the Soviet authorities deliberately whitewashed the peace, artificially creating a hot festive atmosphere.

However, the accident tore off the mask of the Soviet Union’s prosperous power and shattered the golden dream of the Soviets in pursuit of a great power. People of the Soviet Union (especially Ukraine) found that they have been lied by politicsWords and visions of life are blinded by power groups. The pain and fear of the Chernobyl accident made them no longer trust the “big brother” and their beliefs began to collapse.

Since then, such historical moments have been defined as “Chernobyl moments”.

Afterwards, Konstantinl I. Massik, the First Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine, summed up the Soviet government ’s response at the beginning of the accident in such an indignant manner: “In general, the policies adopted by the central government include: first, to quell public opinion at all costs. ; Second, excuse the government, ministries and departments; third, reduce compensation for losses to a minimum; and finally, cover up the severity of the threat to public health from radioactivity.

In the months after the explosion, in order to prevent the continued release of nuclear radiation, the Soviet Union mobilized hundreds of thousands of people. A 170-meter-long, 66-meter-high reinforced concrete and A “sarcophagus” constructed of steel plates to seal off nearly 200 tons of radioactive melt, including 30 tons of radioactive dust that is extremely dangerous to humans.

After the sarcophagus was capped, they put the Soviet flag on top of the sarcophagus in order to celebrate their achievements.

Since then, the Ukrainians need to monitor the sarcophagus’ danger index in real time, fearing that the “devil” will jump out at any time. The sarcophagus is designed to last 30 years and expires exactly three years ago.

The “cleaner” responsible for the aftercare work has added a huge arched building-the “dome” to the sarcophagus in recent years to replace the aging sarcophagus and continue to hold back the freaks of this special era.

Alekseyevich wrote in Chernobyl’s Lament: During the war, one in four Russians died; today, one in five Belarusians lives There are 2.1 million people in areas polluted by nuclear radiation, of which 700,000 are children. Chernobyl accident radiation is the most important cause of Belarus’s population decline. The worst-hit areas of Gomel and Mokilev have a mortality rate that is 20% higher than the birth rate.

300,000 people in Ukraine have died from radiation sickness or other diseases caused by nuclear radiation. About 20 contaminated “hot spots” have been found in Europe. The average level of caesium-137 per square kilometer in these areas is about 1 Curie. This level of radiation has 12 locations in Ukraine.

This accident caused three quarters of European land to be contaminated with radioactive material cesium. Among the European regions affected by cesium pollution: Russia 30%, Belarus 23%, Ukraine 18.5%, Finland 4.8%, Sweden 4.6%, Norway 3%, Austria 2.4%, Germany 1.8%.

Ukraine and Belarus are both established members of the Soviet Union. The performance of the “Big Brother” of the Soviet Union in this accident exacerbated the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the Chernobyl accident, Gorbachev and Ryzhkov gradually became nervous, and Soviet high-level politics gradually became fragmented.

This devastating act has exacerbated the isolation and blockade of the Soviet Union by the European world.

Gorbachev described the Soviet Union in 1986 in his memoirs: “After the huge impact of the Chernobyl accident on our society and government, the state’s fiscal situation has made the situation more complicated. Oil prices Falling to $ 10-12 per barrel is equally hard on us. As we worked to complete the development plan from 1986 to 1990, cash income fell by two-thirds. “

On December 25, 1991, the Soviet flag slowly descended from above the Kremlin, and an incredible national model came to an end.

Atlantic Monthly evaluates Messing’s film and television drama Chernobyl: The drama is half historical and half is a study of the severe cost of belittled truth.

A huge lie political downfall, but the suffering Chernobyls are still playing with political lies. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the authorities promised to provide medical protection to the victims.

Then, in 1999, that promise was reduced to waste paper.

The Chernobyls struggled to defend, but one official said so confidently: “Look at them, they’re talking about the full set of laws and regulations enjoyed by veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Now these Most of the veterans have passed away, and when you have almost passed away, you will have a complete set of laws. But now, we can do nothing for you. “

Second bubble economy: It is not wealth that grows, but bubbles

“Everyone is not busy trying to move towards the planned economy of the Soviet Union, that is a road to slavery!”

—— Hayek

In the past, many countries worked hard to join the Soviet Union. They even preferred to sacrifice personal freedom in exchange for national security.

However, Austrian economistsHayek quoted Benjamin Franklin as saying, “Those who are willing to give up basic freedom in exchange for a little security are neither worthy of security nor protection”, and warned: “Give up personal freedom and eventually you will not be free. There is no guarantee. ”

The Chernobyls not only lost their freedom, their security, and ultimately their lives.

In the 1930s, Hayek, together with his teacher Mises, started a big debate with Oscar Lange and Abba Lerner on the issue of the planned economy of the Soviet Union. .

The collapse of the Soviet Union represents the failure of the Soviet planned economy. What surprised modern people, however, was that at that time the economics community recognized that Lange had won the debate.

During the 1930s, Western countries fell into the Great Depression and were unable to extricate themselves. Keynesianism, nationalism, Nazism, and the planned economy of Russia rose rapidly, and many scholars gradually abandoned liberalism. Even world-class giants such as Russell, Wittgenstein, Schumpeter, and Einstein believe that “centrally planned economies may be an inevitable trend in the future development of human society.”

Hayek also lamented in the early 1940s: “Socialism has replaced liberalism as the tenet of most progressive people.”

Hayek’s teacher Mises is proud and evil, and has struggled with centralization and lies all his life.

During the Second World War, the German Nazis destroyed Mises. Mises fled Austria, and went into exile in the United States after several twists and turns. In the United States, he was so marginalized that Mises couldn’t even find a full-time job to support his family and once lived in a slum. After World War II, the British savior Churchill used Hayek’s liberal ideas in his re-election campaign, but was criticized and lost his fanaticism.

This is the trend of anti-liberalism in the European and American world in the 1930s and 1940s.

The Soviet Union made great economic achievements in the first and second five-year plans, which contrasted sharply with the European and American worlds in the mire of the Great Depression. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union, as the main force against German fascism, stood out for a moment. The Soviet planned economy misled and confused many economists.

In the fifty to sixty years, the economy of the United States and the Soviet Union has continued to develop rapidly. But by the end of the 1960s, the Soviet Union’s continuously expanding planned economy fell into a fiscal crisis. However, with the outbreak of the world oil crisis in the 1970s and the rise in international oil prices, the Soviet Union relied on huge oil exports to earn a lot of foreign exchange and to escape the financial crisis.

19In the 1970s, the United States experienced the earliest decade of the twentieth century. The Bretton Woods system collapsed, the dollar lost absolute dominance, and after three devaluations, the rise of Germany and Japan posed a challenge. Scientists are helpless; the military is mired in the Vietnam War, and the domestic anti-war wave is high.

At this time, the Soviet Union was in the Brezhnev era. The Soviet Union took the opportunity to attack the NATO forces in an all-round way, with Europe as the strategic focus, launched a fierce offensive to the Third World, and formed a repressive posture against the United States.

The Soviet Union engaged in production with a national system and built cities on a large scale in a sporty manner, which allowed a country’s economic scale and external strength to expand rapidly.

The construction of nuclear power plants in Ukraine began during the strong Soviet era in the 1970s. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union built the first nuclear power plant in Ukraine 18 kilometers outside of Chernobyl. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is considered an important fortress for Soviet expansion and resistance to NATO forces.

In addition to the nuclear power plant, the Soviet Union built Chernobyl into a “five-star” model town in just 16 years-one of the few places in the Soviet Union where Chanel No. 5 perfume can be bought. This small town with tens of thousands of people has complete infrastructure such as apartments, hospitals, schools, playgrounds, and parks. A ferris wheel was just built before the nuclear power plant exploded.

However, This hugely expensive nuclear power plant, and this wonderful new city built in just 16 years, was destroyed by a nuclear explosion in 44 seconds, completely reduced to a spooky ruin and ” Ghost Town. ”

This is undoubtedly a typical portrayal and sad end of the Soviet economic model-a seemingly powerful and omnipotent giant suddenly fell suddenly.

Hayek and Lange shouted to the world during the war: “Everyone don’t work hard to move towards the Soviet planned economy. That is a road to slavery!”

Soviet economy is essentially a model of economic armed politics. In the name of the country, the Soviet Union used the means of planning to quickly accumulate economic scale in a sporty manner to serve the rapidly expanding political needs.

The model of economic support politics will eventually lead to a dead end of fiscal collapse, because politics itself does not produce economic benefits, that is, there is no increase, but a stock game.

When finances are unsustainable,External expansion relies on plunder to achieve positive fiscal returns. The Soviet military industry accounted for 70% of the economy, while agriculture, light industry, commerce and other industries accounted for only 30%. The huge military industry is difficult to generate revenue, and the only profitable way is to expand externally.

Since ancient times, Sparta, Nazi Germany, and Japanese fascists have finally embarked on the road of aggression.

After the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union and Germany jointly divided Poland, invaded Poland, and some countries in the east, forcibly merged Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union, and a war against Finland broke out after that. External expansion, forcibly deprived the member states of the Soviet Union, and fed a huge Soviet political machine by sucking blood.

1965-1979 Soviet military spending more than tripled, with an average annual increase of 8%. Beginning in 1972, Soviet military expenditures ranked first in the world, exceeding 20% ​​of US military expenditures.

The Soviet Union continued to expand and attacked in all directions, directly sending troops to occupy Afghanistan, invaded Czechoslovakia, and opened the agent war mode—supporting India ’s invasion of Pakistan, Vietnam ’s attack on Cambodia, Cuba ’s interference in Angola ’s civil war, and intervention in Somalia and Ethiopia. War in Albia.

The national economy is armed and military, fully supporting the political expansion with the Soviet Union; political expansion and plunder, and backing the economic recession and fiscal deficits.

However, this model is anti-human and anti-human, and it also violates economic laws, and is ultimately unsustainable. This seemingly huge octopus was actually internally empty, and eventually collapsed on top of Mount Tai because of its internal disintegration.

Perhaps, at first, people’s wishes were good, trying to use planning methods and national systems to achieve equality and prosperity.

But in fact this goes against the common sense understood by Europeans: “People who always make a country a hell on earth are people trying to turn it into paradise” (poet Heldling).

Hayek issued a deafening voice: “Pave a country’s road to hell with a good wish to heaven.” Hayek even quoted the views of Hillary Bellock’s “Slavery State”-“a new form of slavery is rising before us”.

It is obviously unrealistic to try to replace private property rights in a planned way to achieve freedom and equality of wealth. In the debate, Hayek reminded people not to forget that “private ownership is the most important guarantee of freedom. This is not only true for the proletarians, but also for the proletarians.” He stated: “Without the legal protection of private property rights, there will be no personal freedom or economic freedom.”

inIn the Soviet economy without private property rights, who is responsible for the economy? Who is responsible for the business? Who is responsible for Chernobyl’s security? Responsible in the name of the state, what is the state?

In the Soviet economic model, everyone believed that the country and enterprises were powerful and unbreakable. As everyone thinks, Chernobyl will not explode, because behind it is a powerful Soviet body.

The construction of Chernobyl and all planned economies do not originate from the market or from local demand, but serve the Soviet Union. At the time, Ukraine was a military manufacturing base for ships of the Soviet Union, supporting several aircraft carriers and formations, and required large-scale power supply. Chernobyl therefore served the Soviet military.

Everyone trusts the Soviet Union as a state machine, but no one in the public thinks that this state machine is full of lies politics and bubble economy.

In this, everyone is subject to power, not customers or the public. No one will worry about the bankruptcy of the country or the bankruptcy of the company, and no one will be responsible for the trust and trust of the public. Depleted and deficits, the government relies on printed currency to finance its finances, thereby overdrawing public trust.

After the accident, those in power tried to hide to maintain the trust and authority of the state machine. At the rescue site, firefighters were only wearing ordinary fireproof uniforms, helmets, and gloves, but they did not have gas masks. Most tragically, they didn’t know it was a nuclear leak. As firefighters of nuclear power plants, they know very little about nuclear leak rescue and have received little training in nuclear leak rescue.

The Soviet Union has mobilized more than 600,000 people in the participating countries to participate in the aftermath, and a large number of ordinary soldiers who have not received nuclear defense training have been sent to operate in areas full of dangerous nuclear pollution.

At the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union, from top to bottom, no one is really responsible for production, profitability and safety.

In the huge bubble of nationalism, everyone was numb, lost competition, lost vigilance, and even lost thought.

When the nuclear leak erupted, this nationalist bubble was burst, and those in power shoved and covered each other. Most people were dumbfounded and helpless.

Unfortunately, we can only look for “dead ghosts” and “retrograde heroes” to confuse the audiovisual, confuse the pass, but add tragedy.

In this classic debate, in addition to property rights theory, Hayek and Mises demonstrated the Soviet economic model from multiple perspectivesFatal flaws.

The Austrian school believes that information is scattered among everyone in the market, and no one person, enterprise, or country can collect complete information and then allocate resources reasonably. According to the theory of information decentralization, Hayek proposed that the Soviet government could not obtain complete market information, and then gave the price of “clearing” products sufficient to make the market demand exactly equal to the supply.

Market is a price discovery program. What price is traded, only the two sides of the market know, the Soviet government cannot know. In this way, the planned economy of the Soviet Union could not achieve the efficient allocation of resources.

Hayek later wrote his argument with Lange into a book called The Road to Slavery. This “Liberal Manifesto” was published when the German fascist retreated, and it immediately swept the world and was temporarily expensive in Luoyang.

Mises pointed out the fatal weakness of the Soviet economy from the perspective of economic calculation.

He believes that The fundamental problem with the Soviet economy is the lack of accounting with money. As a result of this fatal flaw, within the Soviet economy, simple problems in economic construction will become extremely difficult, that is, it is impossible to calculate the profit of different methods in the production method.

In short, supply and demand are planned, there is no real market transaction, the market cannot calculate prices, and companies cannot calculate costs and profits. The entire country is actually a mess.

So Mises’ conclusion is that a simplified, idealized planned economy will not bring order and efficiency, but only stagnation and chaos. In his memoir, he wrote: “I wanted to be a reformer, but I became a broken history recorder.”

The death of Mises in 1973 did not document the collapse of the Soviet planned economy, but his predictions came true. In 1974, Hayek, 75, won the Nobel Prize in Economics. At this time, Keynesianism fell due to the stagflation crisis, and the Soviet Union entered a comprehensive attack mode.

By the 1980s, the Soviet Union’s economy was rapidly declining, the political model of economic supply came to an end, the financial crisis broke out, the government relied on printed currency to overdraw the country, and then inflation broke out. The economy fell into chaos and politics split.

In fact, the marginal rate of return on national investment in the planned economy of the Soviet Union continued to decline. The growth rate of private income averaged 10.3% in the 1950s, 6.8% in the 1960s, and 4.9% in the 1970s. The economic growth rate in the 1980s continued It fell, and by the 1990s it showed negative growth.

Since the 1980s,Rooted in the successful reform, the United States has stabilized the hegemony of the US dollar, and began to work with the Middle East oil-producing countries to drive down oil prices and impose an economic blockade on the Soviet Union. As a result, Soviet Union ’s oil revenue has dropped sharply and the economy has been severely impacted.

The Soviet economic support political model can only rely on external expansion to “suck blood”. At this time, the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, and it was unable to expand externally to obtain reinforcements. Coupled with the impact of the Chernobyl accident, the Soviet Union entered a disintegrating passage in the late 1980s.

As the deficit continued to intensify, the Soviet Union sold 240 tons of gold, currency reform failed, domestic prices rose sharply, domestic supplies were in short supply, and the hungry and cold people and some politicians were eager to move, and eventually burst this historical bubble internally.

In 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated. This year, Hayek was awarded the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his “life-long vision”. The following year, Hayek died.

Hayek died of Nazi Germany with a 93-year-old life. When Keynesianism stepped down, he saw the disintegration of the Soviet Union with his own eyes at the end of his life and witnessed all his own prophecies come true.

Postscript

Firefighter Vasily was transferred to a Moscow hospital for treatment. He received 1,600 Roentgen nuclear radiation, far exceeding the lethal dose of 400 Roentgen. The nurse called him “a nuclear reactor.”

From the nurse’s point of view, Mrs. Vasily sitting in front of “a nuclear reactor” every day is almost sent to death. However, Mrs. Vasily did not want to be separated from her husband for a moment.

One night, Vasily said, “I really want to see our child. I don’t know if he is OK.”

“What name will we give him?”

“You decide.”

“Why did I decide for myself? We have two.”

“In this case, if it is a boy, it is called Vasily; if it is a girl, it is called Natasha.”

At this time, Mrs. Vasily is six months pregnant, but she is not sure if the baby is still safe in her belly.

The next day, Kebinok and Pavik were buried, and they were close friends with the Vasilys. The day before the explosion, they took a photo with the Vasilys at the fire station door. Everyone was very happy that day, it was the last day of a good life.

Mrs. Vasily hurriedly returned from the cemetery after attending the funeral and immediately called the nursing station and asked, “How is he?”

“He died fifteen minutes ago.”

…

References:

[1] Chernobyl: The Most Real Terror, Elite, New Weekly;

[2] Return to Chernobyl, specially planned by Phoenix Network;

[3] Chernobyl, Messing, HBO;

[4] The road to slavery, Hayek, China Social Sciences Press;

[5] Charter of Freedom, Hayek, China Social Sciences Press;

[6] Socialism, Mises, China Social Science Press;

[7] Chernobyl’s Sorrow, Alexeijevic, Flower City Press.