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This article comes from WeChat public account: Industry study (ID: hangyeyanxi) , author: Li Ting

This is the third homecoming note of the Industry Research Institute. In the previous article, “Homecoming: Rural South Fujian under the Epidemic” discussed the epidemic situation To what extent has it affected the order of rural life in southern Fujian. In this issue of Homecoming, I am concerned about the sanitation of farmers using saliva in their daily work and life in the context of the new type of coronavirus pneumonia. Why do farmers, especially vegetable farmers, frequently use saliva? What changes in the production and living structure are reflected by the use of saliva? In the face of the epidemic, how to reshape farmers’ hygiene habits? And listen to the president break down.

After returning home, when playing cards with or watching elders, we found that many of them would apply saliva to their hands in order to organize the cards. At the time of the outbreak of the new pneumonia, everyone became very sensitive to this behavior, and began to “focus on” this unconscious behavior.

1. Why should farmers use saliva?

Saliva is a tool that has long been used by farmers. For example, after using a knife or a hoe for a long time, farmers will find that the palms are relatively dry, hot, and slippery. Applying saliva to the palms can increase friction. The principle is that the outermost layer of human skin has a stratum corneum. After absorbing the right amount of liquid, the stratum corneum swells and the surface becomes rough, which increases the friction between the skin and the object being held, making it easier for the hand to grasp the object. Farmers also use saliva to increase friction when counting banknotes, especially new ones. In a few cases, drool is used by farmers for “treatment”. For example, after being bitten by a mosquito, the farmer will apply saliva to the bite. It is said that it can achieve antipruritic effect.”Attack”, such as “spitting” others.

The development of mechanization, farmers’ chances of using knives or hoees for a long time are reduced, online payments are sinking to the countryside, antipruritic drugs are increasing, farmers ’spending power is increasing, and farmers’ health concepts have changed during the modernization process. These factors have made farmers Reduces the frequency of drooling. However, we have found that some farmers who have been engaged in agricultural production for a long time, have cocoons in their palms, and are not very polite at the table, are still playing cards with saliva. This is particularly evident in farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation. There are two main reasons:

First, farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation have less leisure time, have less time to play cards, and are not used to playing cards. If it is not for the outbreak of the new pneumonia epidemic, the wholesale price of vegetables will not be satisfactory after the year, and farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation will almost every day (except the first day of the New Year) Participate in agricultural production for up to eight hours. In addition to participating in agricultural production, women engaged in vegetable cultivation need to spend more time doing housework. Women in clan-type areas have to spend a lot of time worshipping gods and have almost no time to play cards. It is precisely because there is no time to play cards, and they are not used to playing cards. When playing cards, they are inevitably slower and flustered than others. In their anxiety, they will inevitably use saliva to improve their playing speed.

This is especially true when playing cards with the younger generation who are playing fast. For them, playing cards with young people who rarely go home is a very pleasant experience. But the impatience revealed by young people intentionally or unintentionally aggravates their anxiety, causing them to become more flustered and to increase the frequency of their saliva use.

Second, vegetable cultivation is a labor-intensive industry, and vegetable farmers ’hands are freed from agricultural production to a limited extent. Most vegetable farmers’ hands are relatively “ugly”, with severe cocooning on the palms and cracked palms. Palm cocoon is mainly caused by long-term use of tools such as steamed bread and a kitchen knife; cracks on the back of the palm are caused by long-term wind and sun and washing vegetables.

Unlike field crops, in most rural areas, vegetable speciesThe mechanization of planting is relatively low, on the one hand, because the scale of vegetable cultivation is relatively small, and the cost of using machinery is high. On the other hand, the price of vegetables has increased significantly, increasing the risk of vegetable cultivation. Vegetable farmers often share risks by planting a variety of vegetables, which will also increase the difficulty of mechanization. Except for the loosening and irrigating links, which can use part of small machinery, most of the links can only be completed by the hands of vegetable farmers.

This not only increases the frequency with which drowners use saliva during the production process, it also increases the frequency with which they bring this unconscious behavior into card games. Not only that, their hands are cocooned (After cocooning, the hands are easy to dry and slippery) , they also have to use saliva. In the New Year, there is always a large box of playing cards (a dozen) , and new cards are always used when playing cards. New The playing cards are smoother, and different playing cards are more likely to stick together, which in turn increases the difficulty of playing cards and the frequency of saliva. Therefore, they would like to use the old playing cards and be more careful to make such suggestions during the playing process, and young people tend to prefer new cards and reject such suggestions because of health problems. Helpless, vegetable farmers can only use saliva to play new cards, and new health problems have also been “made”.

2. Changes in modernization and drool use

Modernization and changes in saliva use. Village farmers have their own set of production and lifestyle. In most cases, for village farmers, the use of saliva is not a problem. Because the use of saliva as part of its production and life is not only a problem, it even provides a lot of “convenience” for its production and life. Generally speaking, farmers generally do n’t mind their saliva, nor do theyMind those who play cards with themselves. Not only is the use of saliva very convenient, it has become a habit of farmers. Farmers do not feel that saliva is unhygienic, but because farmers’ brand friends are very fixed, they will try to avoid becoming friends with people with diseases.

Under what circumstances will the use of saliva be a problem for farmers in the village? During the festival, after the migrant workers returned to their hometown after accepting a new production and lifestyle in the city, the new production and lifestyle encountered the old production and lifestyle, which will inevitably cause each other to reflect on the old production and lifestyle. . This is especially true during the Chinese New Year when there is a long time and a large number of returnees.

To celebrate the New Year, a large number of returnees returned to the countryside with a modern atmosphere and ideas, and at the same time wrapped in a series of bacteria, even viruses, unfamiliar to farmers in the village. Farmers in the village will not only show off their modernization level for the long-term offspring of “please” because of the coming of the new year The reorganization of life order has also passively reorganized its own production and life order because of new ideas and new viruses.

In this context, the peasants in the village have begun to reflect actively on some of their behaviors, including the use of saliva. In the case of a new outbreak of pneumonia, the use of saliva may bring very bad results. Farmers are more active and passive in reflecting on some of their behaviors, especially the use of saliva.

Not only that, in daily life, before the outbreak, the habit of using saliva has been questioned. For example, when children and fathers are raising their grandchildren together, the father uses his own mouth to cut It is easy for grandchildren to eat, or to test the temperature of food with their mouths, and they will be blamed by their children. This type of problem is an inevitable problem for almost every peasant family in the process of urbanization and modernization.

In the process of modernization, on the one hand, the offspring’s tolerance for the habit of using saliva by the parents has decreased, not only because the children’s health concept is more modern, but also because the children and the parents are no longer So intimate. On the premise that the other party does not have an infectious disease, whether or not you care about the other party’s saliva depends to some extent on the closeness of the relationship between the two. With the gradual marketization of farmers’ production and life, the overall assistance between the two generations has decreased, and the differences in production and lifestyle between the two generations have become larger and larger. In addition, the two generations have been separated for a long time. The connotation of is gradually becoming thinner, which makes the degree of intimacy of each other gradually decline, and the tolerance of the offspring to the saliva of the father is reduced.

In reality, we will see that the offspring is more “disgusting” the saliva of the parent than the lover and child who are closer to themselves. And the higher the degree of rustiness, the more abandoned. On the other hand, the two generations have different production and lifestyles, and different health concepts, which lead to intergenerational conflicts, and will also make farmers in the village or farmers just entering the city begin to reflect on their own habits. One side expressed dislike, while the other took the initiative to reflect, and the use of saliva became a problem.

In addition, the input and learning of public health knowledge will gradually encourage villagers to reflect and change the habit of using saliva after they gradually understand the connection between saliva and disease transmission. It can be seen that in production and life, there are multiple reasons why farmers feel that the problem of “use of saliva” is problematic.

3. Social structure and habits of saliva use

Farmers have such a consciousness and have the motivation to change the behavior of using saliva, but in practice, it is difficult to change this behavior. In the process of playing cards, in order to avoid the use of drool, farmers will put a bit of wet paper towels at the corner of the table as a substitute for drool. But for farmers, it is really difficult to think about how to play cards and overcome this behavior that has become a habit. The more critical question is, after the epidemic, will farmers continue to use saliva while playing cards or in other production and living activities?

From the perspective of farmers’ existing production and lifestyle, it is difficult for farmers to change this habit by relying solely on their own capabilities. Most of the peasant behaviors are nested with the existing order of production and life, and exist as part of the order of production and life. Without changing production and lifestyle, it is very difficult for farmers to change certain behaviors. On the one hand, the existing production and lifestyle as a structural force, it is difficult for individuals to break the structural constraints. From the perspective of production methods, for vegetable farmers, friction tools and gloves that are very convenient to use can be widely used.After that, maybe this problem will disappear naturally. Until then, solving this problem has remained difficult.

It’s just as difficult to change your habit of using saliva in your lifestyle. Farmers live in acquaintance societies, not stranger societies. In a stranger society, people are very concerned about the behavior of others because of their rustiness, such as using saliva when playing cards, and not using public chopsticks when eating at the same table. This is the normal response of people because of asymmetric information. Not only that, in the stranger society, people will become more and more sparse because they care about the saliva of others. The rules of interaction in the society of acquaintances are just the opposite. People are less aware of the saliva of others because they are familiar with each other. Because they do not mind, they become closer to each other and become more familiar with it.

Don’t mind the use of saliva by yourself or others in the process of interaction, it often matches the rules of acquaintance society. The gradual disintegration of acquaintance society seems to give farmers room to change their behavior. The problem is that for most farmers in the village, they still depend on the social life of acquaintances, and even in the production process, they also rely on the power of acquaintances. They still have a strong incentive to act as acquaintance social maintainers.

In the family, children play a significant role in changing the behavioral habits of their parents. But the offspring’s participation is often periodic and intermittent. When the family task of raising the grandchildren comes, during the festival, when the father and the children must live under the same roof, when the actions of the fathers have an impact on their production and life order, the children have the initiative to guide the fathers Change the way they behave. After the rearing task is completed, when the festivals are over and they return to their place of production and living, the enthusiasm of the offspring will decline.

The change of unreasonable habits is a long-term process. It is a process of breaking existing habits and establishing new ones. Individuals need to constantly reflect on and even fight against existing habits. Periodic and intermittent approaches are often difficult to work with. In many cases, the motivation of the offspring to change the behavior of their parents is often utilitarian, and it is often centered on the development of small families. I hope that my parents will transform themselves to the greatest extent possible in order to adapt to their offspring. Needs for Small Family Development. In this process, improper manners, excessive speech and behaviors happen from time to time, which is also not conducive to the parents to change bad behavior habits.

In addition to improper methods, the offspring are also faced with the situation of lack of will and power. In the competition of urbanization, the pressure of the second generation of farmers to establish a foothold in the city is extremely great. They often do not have the time and energy to patiently guide their fathers to change unreasonable habits. Not only that, when the power relationship between generations is still in a game state, the offspring have insufficient authority and ability, and the father often does not follow the advice of the offspring. In addition, there are some young people who do not intend to modernize with their fathers. They have a lot of behavioral and conceptual problems, and ignore some of their parents ’unreasonable behaviors. In this way, it is also difficult to change some unreasonable habits of the father by the children. Farmers also need to invoke more power and support.

When individual farmers cannot rely on the strength of themselves and their families to change their existing behaviors, the state and the collective should become an important force to promote farmers to change their behaviors. During the period of collectivization, the patriotic health movement and the changing of customs were launched under the organization and guidance of the state and the collective. Since the reform and opening up, the national and rural grass-roots organizations are still an important force to guide farmers to improve public health and change customs.

The problem is that after the reform and opening up, a series of changes such as the realization of land contracting rights and the over-administration of rural grass-roots organizations have weakened the rural grass-roots organizations, especially the village collectives. It is difficult for the state to rely on collective power to understand the real needs of farmers and find ways to suit farmers in different regions. This makes it difficult for the state to formulate effective policies, or to suffer from the inaction, inability or indiscriminate behavior of rural grassroots organizations when promoting related policies. It is especially critical to reshape the organizational capacity of rural grassroots organizations, especially village collectives.

4. Normalize the problem in the abnormal state

The arrival of some unexpected events will prompt us to think very normal about many normalities .But in the abnormal state, we must also return to the discussion of some unexpected issues. The advent of the epidemic requires us to face some farmers’ behavior habits, such as playing cards with saliva, which strengthens our motivation to change the status quo, so This is an important opportunity for us to change the status quo. However, even in the face of emergencies, we cannot discuss issues beyond the existing reality. We must avoid adopting excessively extreme methods and overkill.

Facing the problem of farmers playing cards with “saliva”, we must not only consider this problem in the context of an epidemic outbreak, but also in existing areas of production and living order for farmers in different regions and industries, Intergenerational relations, thinking about this problem in the reality of the existing governance order in rural areas, has made it an entry point for exploring epidemic prevention and control programs, and an entry point for reflecting on the crux of rural migration, customs, governance of farmers ‘life, and farmers’ modernization.

Taking into account the abnormal state at the time of the outbreak and the normal state before or after the outbreak should be a problem that we need to consider when responding to the outbreak. This requires us to fully grasp the sudden problems and long-standing problems in rural areas. In this way, emergencies will become an opportunity for us to improve existing governance methods and orders. Otherwise, experiencing an emergency event will only bring us huge consumption of human and material resources, and even cause waste of resources and the elimination of existing system advantages.

How to cope with emergencies based on the existing normal situation, when the risks are gradually increasing and emergencies are becoming more frequent, and when the network is developed, and the impact of emergencies on public governance is increasing. How to draw experience and lessons from emergencies and turn emergencies into opportunities for perfecting normal governance is a major challenge and opportunity for public governance.

This article is from public micro-channel number: Industry study (ID: hangyeyanxi) , Author: Ting